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2 Jan 2006

Volume 88, Issue 1, Articles (01xxxx)

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 011112 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2161387 (3 pages)

Yoshinori Tanaka, Takashi Asano, Ranko Hatsuta, and Susumu Noda
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Coherent detection of pulsed narrowband terahertz radiation

Hua Cao and Ajay Nahata

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 011101 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2159104 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 3 January 2006

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We demonstrate the generation and coherent detection of narrowband terahertz radiation using a Q-switched laser pumped optical parametric oscillator as the optical source. Narrowband terahertz radiation is produced using conventional difference frequency mixing and coherently detected via a frequency domain technique that relies on coherent upconversion of the terahertz field combined with optical homodyning to suppress background noise. GaSe crystals are used for both generation and coherent detection processes. Although we provide a proof-of-principle demonstration at 2 THz, the infrared radiation may be tuned from the far-infrared through the midinfrared by simply tuning the idler wavelength of the optical parametric oscillator and the orientation of the two crystals.
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07.57.Kp Bolometers; infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave, and radiowave receivers and detectors
85.60.Gz Photodetectors (including infrared and CCD detectors)
42.62.Eh Metrological applications; optical frequency synthesizers for precision spectroscopy
42.65.Yj Optical parametric oscillators and amplifiers
42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation

Strongly frequency dependent focusing efficiency of a concave lens based on two-dimensional photonic crystals

E. Foca, H. Föll, J. Carstensen, V. V. Sergentu, I. M. Tiginyanu, F. Daschner, and R. Knöchel

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 011102 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2159105 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 3 January 2006

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Results of an experimental study of a concave lens based on a two-dimensional microwave photonic crystal with neff<1 are shown. We demonstrate that the lens focuses electromagnetic radiation for transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) polarizations. Intensity gains as high as 5.4 for TE polarization and 6.3 for TM polarization were achieved for definite frequencies lying in the explored interval from 6 to 15 GHz, the smallest area of the focal spot being equal to 0.24λ2 and 1.02λ2 for TE and TM polarizations respectively. The proposed lens serves as a model system that can be scaled to THz and optical frequencies.
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42.79.Bh Lenses, prisms and mirrors
42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
85.60.-q Optoelectronic devices
42.15.Eq Optical system design

Electron-beam-induced domain poling in LiNbO3 for two-dimensional nonlinear frequency conversion

Yinnon Glickman, Emil Winebrand, Ady Arie, and Gil Rosenman

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 011103 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2159089 (3 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 3 January 2006

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A bulk of LiNbO3 was periodically poled in two dimensions to achieve noncollinear second-harmonic generation. The sample was fabricated using an electron-beam indirect exposure. This method used a dielectric buffer layer deposited on LiNbO3 Z−-polar face to trap the incident electrons. These localized electrons formed a charge droplet which generated a strong electric field and triggered the domain inversion process in the LiNbO3. Tailored two-dimensional domain configurations enabled quasi-phase-matched frequency doubling of a Nd:YLF laser at 15 different input angles. The measured angular dependence was in agreement with calculations based on the nonlinear reciprocal lattice vectors of the poled structure.
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61.80.Fe Electron and positron radiation effects
42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation
42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
77.80.Dj Domain structure; hysteresis
77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization
81.20.-n Methods of materials synthesis and materials processing

Observation of micromechanically controlled tuning of photonic crystal line-defect waveguide

Satoshi Iwamoto, Satomi Ishida, Yasuhiko Arakawa, Masatoshi Tokushima, Akiko Gomyo, Hirohito Yamada, Akio Higo, Hiroshi Toshiyoshi, and Hiroyuki Fujita

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 011104 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2159570 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 3 January 2006

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We fabricated a photonic crystal (PC) line-defect waveguide integrated with a microelectromechanical actuator and demonstrated the optical switching operation. The device consisted of a PC line-defect waveguide fabricated in a silicon-on-insulator substrate and a polycrystalline-Si dielectric plate located above the PC waveguide. An applied voltage moved the dielectric plate towards the PC surface due to the electrostatic force. This motion increased out-of-plane scattering of the guided light through the evanescent interaction with the dielectric plate, and modulated the transmittance of the PC waveguide. With only a 5 μm interaction length, an extinction ratio of ∼ 10 dB was obtained at a wavelength of 1568 nm under an applied voltage of 60 V. The response time of the switching operation was approximately 1 ms.
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42.82.Et Waveguides, couplers, and arrays
42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers
85.85.+j Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and devices
42.65.Pc Optical bistability, multistability, and switching, including local field effects

Real-time phase-shift measurement during formation of a volume holographic grating in nanoparticle-dispersed photopolymers

Naoaki Suzuki and Yasuo Tomita

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 011105 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2159580 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 3 January 2006

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We describe the real-time measurement of the phase shift between the light interference pattern and a volume holographic grating recorded in dry photopolymers. The time evolution of the refractive index modulation including its magnitude and phase shift is measured for one-component and nanoparticle-dispersed photopolymers. It is confirmed that phase shifts in nanoparticle-dispersed photopolymers depend on the magnitude of the refractive index of nanoparticles relative to that of polymerized monomers.
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42.40.Ht Hologram recording and readout methods
42.40.Lx Diffraction efficiency, resolution, and other hologram characteristics
42.40.Pa Volume holograms
42.70.Jk Polymers and organics
42.70.Ln Holographic recording materials; optical storage media

2×3 Thermo-optical switch utilizing total internal reflection

Hui Yu, Xiaoqing Jiang, Jianyi Yang, Yi Tang, and Minghua Wang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 011106 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2161396 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 3 January 2006

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A photonic switch of 2×3 structure was designed and fabricated using the thermo-optical effect of polymer materials. By setting sectional electrode and exerting voltage to proper section, we can control the reflection region length and ray propagation trace. Input light can be switched freely among three output ports. The experiment results show that, for the “half-reflection” state, the extinction ratio is 16.6 dB for the half-reflection port; and for the “bar” state, the extinction ratio for the reflection port is 26.8 dB. The power consumption is on the scale of 100 mW and varies with different function mode.
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42.65.Pc Optical bistability, multistability, and switching, including local field effects
42.15.Eq Optical system design

Spatially tunable laser emission in dye-doped photonic liquid crystals

Yuhua Huang, Ying Zhou, and Shin-Tson Wu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 011107 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2161167 (3 pages) | Cited 42 times

Online Publication Date: 3 January 2006

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A spatially tunable laser emission of the dye-doped cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) cell using a one-dimensional temperature gradient is demonstrated. The photoexcitation of dye-doped CLC device using a frequency-doubled pulsed Nd: yttrium–aluminium–garnet laser gives rise to laser emission in the yellow-red spectral range. The lasing wavelength is widely tunable from 577 to 670 nm by shifting the position of the dye-doped CLC cell with respect to the pumping beam. The lowest excitation energy and maximum lasing efficiency occur at λ ∼ 605 nm which corresponds to the peak fluorescence emission of the dye.
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42.55.Tv Photonic crystal lasers and coherent effects
42.60.Fc Modulation, tuning, and mode locking
42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
42.70.Hj Laser materials

Effects of temperature fluctuation on highly dispersive photonic crystal fibers

Yongqiang Jiang, Xiaonan Chen, Brie Howley, Maggie Y. Chen, and Ray T. Chen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 011108 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2162684 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 4 January 2006

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Chromatic dispersion of highly dispersive photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) is theoretically simulated and experimentally measured as a function of temperature. We have theoretically confirmed that PCFs designed at highly dispersive region show stronger temperature dependence than conventional telecommunication fibers and dispersion compensation fibers due to phase matching wavelength shift and large dispersion slope. For a fabricated highly dispersive PCF, the variation of the dispersion is measured to be around +0.28%/°C from 21 to 80 °C, and around +0.21%/°C from 21 to 50 °C at an optical wavelength around 1550 nm.
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42.81.Dp Propagation, scattering, and losses; solitons
42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
42.65.-k Nonlinear optics

Elimination of mode grouping in InGaAsP/InP ridge waveguide laser using quantum-well intermixing

J. H. Teng, J. R. Dong, S. J. Chua, R. Yin, B. C. Foo, B. Z. Wang, and Y. J. Wang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 011109 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2138362 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 4 January 2006

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In this letter, we report the observation of the longitudinal mode grouping effect in the InGaAsP/InP multiquantum-well ridge waveguide laser. Two mode groups were observed and showed different behaviors with the changing of the injection current. The higher order lateral modes and the current spreading in the ridge waveguide structure is proposed to be responsible for this mode grouping phenomena. A one-step quantum-well intermixing process using the SiO2 electrical isolation layer itself was introduced and proved to be effective in improving the lateral electrical and optical confinement in a ridge waveguide laser structure as well as eliminating the mode grouping.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems

Vertical coupling of long-range surface plasmon polaritons

Hyong Sik Won, Ki Cheol Kim, Seok Ho Song, Cha-Hwan Oh, Pill Soo Kim, Suntak Park, and Sang In Kim

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 011110 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2159558 (3 pages) | Cited 39 times

Online Publication Date: 4 January 2006

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We evaluated and demonstrated strong vertical-coupling characteristics of vertical directional couplers based on long-range surface plasmon polaritons (LRSPPs) at 1.55 μm wavelength. Fundamental even and odd modes supported by LRSPP metal-stripe waveguides compete more strongly on vertical coupling structures than on lateral coupling structures, possibly leading to less power consumption for switching and to compactness in device length and width. LRSPP-based vertically coupled routing of signals can also be a powerful means of developing three-dimensional photonic integrated circuits and optical printed circuit boards.
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73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)
42.82.Et Waveguides, couplers, and arrays
71.36.+c Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions)

Site specific Eu3+ stimulated emission in GaN host

J. H. Park and A. J. Steckl

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 011111 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2161159 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 4 January 2006

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We report the observation of site-specific Eu3+ stimulated emission in GaN:Eu laser structures. Two main Eu sites have been identified from emission peaks associated with the math→math transition during above band gap optical pumping with a pulsed N2 laser (337 nm): (a) Eux emitting at ∼ 620 nm—present in short cavities ( ∼ 100 μm), exhibiting stimulated (side) emission threshold and a fast decay time constant (30–35 μs); (b) Euy emitting at ∼ 621 nm—present in long cavities ( ∼ 7 mm) and in surface emission, exhibiting no stimulated emission threshold and a slow decay time constant (150–250 μs).
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
78.45.+h Stimulated emission
42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings

Investigation of point-defect cavity formed in two-dimensional photonic crystal slab with one-sided dielectric cladding

Yoshinori Tanaka, Takashi Asano, Ranko Hatsuta, and Susumu Noda

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 011112 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2161387 (3 pages) | Cited 20 times

Online Publication Date: 5 January 2006

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Three-missing-hole point-defect cavities formed in a two-dimensional photonic crystal slab with a silicon-on-insulator structure are investigated. It is theoretically revealed that radiation loss to the SiO2-cladding side is four times higher than that to the air-cladding side due to the smaller refractive index contrast. In addition, in-plane radiation due to transverse electric-transverse magnetic (TE-TM) coupling occurs due to the vertical structural asymmetry. The amount of TE-TM coupling loss is comparable with that of radiation loss to the SiO2 cladding. Experimental results agreed well with theoretical predictions. This treatment can be applied to point-defect cavities in one-sided dielectric cladding structures and in three-dimensional configurations.
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42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)

Observation of two-photon absorption enhancement at double defect modes in one-dimensional photonic crystals

Jie Shen, Zhuangjian Zhang, Zhongyi Hua, Guohong Ma, and Sing Hai Tang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 011113 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2162698 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 6 January 2006

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One-dimensional photonic crystals (1D PC) with two CdS defect layers in a SiO2/TiO2 dielectric thin film stack were fabricated. Two-photon absorption (TPA) coefficients of the CdS defect layers in the 1D PC were investigated using femtosecond pump-probe method. Significant enhancement of the TPA coefficient in the CdS defect layers was observed to occur at the two defect modes. Experimental results show that the enhanced TPA coefficient at the defect mode of 800 nm is larger than that at the defect mode of 762 nm. A numerical simulation by matrix transfer method is performed and agrees with the experimental results very well.
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42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)
78.47.-p Spectroscopy of solid state dynamics

Planar optical waveguide in potassium titanyl arsenate formed by oxygen ion implantation at low doses

Yi Jiang, Ke-Ming Wang, Xue-Lin Wang, Chuan-Lei Jia, Lei Wang, Yang Jiao, Qing-Ming Lu, Hong-Ji Ma, Rui Nie, and Ding-Yu Shen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 011114 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2162665 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 6 January 2006

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Monomode, nonleaky planar optical waveguides have been fabricated in x-cut biaxial crystal potassium titanyl arsenate (KTiOAsO4 or KTA) by 3.0 MeV O+ ion implantation at doses from 5×1012 to 1×1014 ions/cm2 at room temperature. The waveguide properties were characterized by the method of prism coupling at 633 nm. Positive changes of both nx and ny refractive indices (corresponding TE and TM polarized light separately) occur in the waveguide region. The propagation loss of the waveguide formed at a dose of 5×1013 ions/cm2 was reduced to 0.66 dB/cm after annealing at 230 °C for 30 minutes. Continuous and homogeneous magnified field pattern of the propagation light in the annealed waveguide was collected and studied by end-coupling method.
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42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers
42.82.Et Waveguides, couplers, and arrays
42.82.Cr Fabrication techniques; lithography, pattern transfer
42.70.-a Optical materials
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments
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