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15 May 2006

Volume 88, Issue 20, Articles (20xxxx)

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 203101 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2203932 (3 pages)

Andrea Ponzoni, Elisabetta Comini, Giorgio Sberveglieri, Jun Zhou, Shao Zhi Deng, Ning Sheng Xu, Yong Ding, and Zhong Lin Wang
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Behavior of elemental tellurium as surface generation-recombination centers in CdTe/HgCdTe interface

Min Yung Lee, Yong Soo Lee, and Hee Chul Lee

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 204101 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2203940 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 15 May 2006

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Calculated chemical equations using thermodynamics suggest that elemental Te0 is easily induced during bromine-based etching process on the HgCdTe surface and the induced elemental Te0 can be removed by chemical reaction with hydrazine, forming volatile H2Te. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed these chemical reactions. The induced elemental Te0 is believed to play a role as surface generation-recombination centers in CdTe/HgCdTe interface, which was confirmed by XPS, ideality factor, and energy-dispersive interface trap density (Dit) analyses.
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72.20.Jv Charge carriers: generation, recombination, lifetime, and trapping
79.60.Jv Interfaces; heterostructures; nanostructures
73.20.At Surface states, band structure, electron density of states

Direct tip-sample interaction force control for the dynamic mode atomic force microscopy

Younkoo Jeong, G. R. Jayanth, Sissy M. Jhiang, and Chia-Hsiang Menq

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 204102 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2203958 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 15 May 2006

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A control method, in which the tip-sample interaction force of each tapping cycle is directly regulated, is proposed for dynamic mode atomic force microscopy. It does not rely on the steady-state relationship between the cantilever’s oscillation amplitude and tip-to-sample distance, and therefore the cantilever’s transient dynamics and the time delay of rms-dc converter are irrelevant. Experimental results clearly demonstrate that the proposed method regulates the tip-sample interaction force for each tapping cycle and time delay effect is eliminated. Computer simulations also show that the proposed method reconstructs a step change in topography within two tapping cycles, independent of the cantilever’s transient dynamics.
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07.79.Lh Atomic force microscopes
68.37.Ps Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
68.35.B- Structure of clean surfaces (and surface reconstruction)
68.47.-b Solid-gas/vacuum interfaces: types of surfaces

Mechanisms of reversible stretchability of thin metal films on elastomeric substrates

Stéphanie P. Lacour, Donald Chan, Sigurd Wagner, Teng Li, and Zhigang Suo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 204103 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2201874 (3 pages) | Cited 61 times

Online Publication Date: 16 May 2006

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Gold films on an elastomeric substrate can be stretched and relaxed reversibly by tens of percent. The films initially form in two different structures, one continuous and the other containing tribranched microcracks. We have identified the mechanism of elastic stretchability in the films with microcracks. The metal, which is much stiffer than the elastomer, forms a percolating network. To accommodate the large elongation of the elastomeric substrate, the metal network twists and deflects out of the plane but remains bonded to the soft substrate. Consequently, the metal film experiences only small strains and deforms elastically without suffering fatigue.
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81.05.Bx Metals, semimetals, and alloys
81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity, stress-strain relations
81.40.Lm Deformation, plasticity, and creep
62.20.D- Elasticity
62.20.F- Deformation and plasticity
68.60.Bs Mechanical and acoustical properties

Epitaxial growth of high-quality Ge films on nanostructured silicon substrates

G. Vanamu, A. K. Datye, and Saleem H. Zaidi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 204104 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2205728 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 16 May 2006

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Low ( ∼ 105 cm−2) defect density, thick ( ∼ 10 μm) epitaxially grown Ge films on nanostructured and planar silicon substrates using chemical vapor deposition are reported. The structural morphology of Ge films was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and high resolution x-ray diffraction measurements. The surface defect density was measured by counting etch pits. The growth quality of Ge films was significantly superior on nanostructured surfaces relative to the planar as demonstrated by (a) reduction in defect density from ∼ 6×108 cm−2 for planar to ∼ 5×105 cm−2, (b) reduction in Δω full width half maximum peaks of the reciprocal space maps of Ge epilayers from 373 arc sec on planar (unpatterned) to 93 arc sec on the nanostructured surfaces, and (c) the elimination of crosshatch pattern characteristic of planar surface growth.
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68.55.A- Nucleation and growth
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-enhanced CVD, MOCVD, ALD, etc.)
68.55.Ln Defects and impurities: doping, implantation, distribution, concentration, etc.

Formation of a stable, three-dimensional porous structure with self-assembled glass spheres using the plasma-induced electromeniscus phenomenon

Hiroshi Matsuura, Tamio Tanikawa, Yasuhisa Ando, Koji Miyake, and Shinya Sasaki

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 204105 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2202142 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 18 May 2006

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We develop a method for fabricating a stable, three-dimensional porous structure with self-assembled glass spheres. This three-dimensional (3D) self-assembly of glass spheres is achieved using the electromeniscus phenomenon, which is associated with a microscale solution current. The current encloses a group of glass spheres, carries the spheres, and assembles them three dimensionally with its surface tension at the desired site. The assembled glass spheres are fixed using a plasma-induced reaction combined with thermal treatment of the solution. These assembled microscale spheres create a large number of openings with extensive surface areas. This extensive area among 3D porous structures would be particularly useful for fabricating high-performance catalysts and high-resolution hydrogen sensors.
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81.05.Rm Porous materials; granular materials
61.43.Gt Powders, porous materials
61.43.Fs Glasses
52.77.-j Plasma applications
68.03.Cd Surface tension and related phenomena
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments

Microfluidic mixing through electrowetting-induced droplet oscillations

F. Mugele, J.-C. Baret, and D. Steinhauser

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 204106 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2204831 (3 pages) | Cited 35 times

Online Publication Date: 18 May 2006

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We used electrowetting to trigger self-excited oscillations of millimeter-sized sessile droplets of water-glycerol mixtures in a viscosity range from 1 to 65 mPa s. During the oscillations the contact angle of the droplets varied periodically between ≈ 130° and 80° with a frequency between 10 and 125 s−1, depending on the viscosity and the drop size. By initially staining drops partially with fluorescent dye, we found that the liquid within the drop is completely mixed within 100–2000 oscillation cycles for low and high viscosities, respectively. Compared to pure diffusion, droplet oscillations accelerated mixing by approximately two orders of magnitude for millimeter-sized droplets.
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47.61.Ne Micromixing
47.51.+a Mixing
64.75.-g Phase equilibria
47.55.D- Drops and bubbles
66.20.-d Viscosity of liquids; diffusive momentum transport

Area-selective photoimmobilization of a two-dimensional array of colloidal spheres on a photodeformed template formed in photoresponsive azopolymer film

Osamu Watanabe, Taiji Ikawa, Takahiro Kato, Masahiro Tawata, and Hiroshi Shimoyama

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 204107 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2205147 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 18 May 2006

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We demonstrate that colloidal spheres can be arrayed on an azobenzene-containing polymer film, which has been patterned such that it forms a template, and that in a subsequent step, the spheres can be selectively photoimmobilized on the film. The steps were made possible by utilizing two photoresponsive properties of the polymer. The first is photoinduced surface deformation, which provides a patterned indented template. The spheres were organized on the surface in accordance with the template structure. The second is photoinduced immobilization, where small objects on the film are immobilized after irradiation. The area-selective immobilized patterns were obtained after washing.
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61.80.Ba Ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation effects (including laser radiation)
82.70.Dd Colloids
42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
42.70.Jk Polymers and organics

In situ probing of magnetic parameter variations of nickel zinc ferrites during microwave H heating

R. D. Peelamedu, D. C. Dube, M. T. Lanagan, and D. Agrawal

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 204108 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2205163 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 19 May 2006

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Changes in magnetic parameters of nickel zinc ferrite (NZF) ceramics have been monitored in situ during microwave H heating using an indigenous technique developed in the laboratory. The technique utilizes the concept based on combining a small measurement signal with a high power-processing signal, which permits a study on materials heated either in an electric or in a magnetic field of a TM103 single mode cavity. Coupling and decoupling of these two signals are suggested by the use of a simple arrangement. Experimental results obtained on various compositions of NZF ceramics up to 1200 °C are presented. The results indicate that the higher zinc end compositions of the ferrites demonstrate the phenomenon of decrystallization under the influence of microwave H.
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75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects
75.50.Gg Ferrimagnetics
75.50.Dd Nonmetallic ferromagnetic materials
82.80.-d Chemical analysis and related physical methods of analysis
64.70.D- Solid-liquid transitions
77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
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