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12 Jun 2006

Volume 88, Issue 24, Articles (24xxxx)

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 243101 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2211007 (3 pages)

G. H. Du, F. Xu, Z. Y. Yuan, and G. Van Tendeloo
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Flowerlike ZnO nanocones and nanowires: Preparation, structure, and luminescence

G. H. Du, F. Xu, Z. Y. Yuan, and G. Van Tendeloo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 243101 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2211007 (3 pages) | Cited 23 times

Online Publication Date: 12 June 2006

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Flowerlike ZnO nanocone and nanowire arrays have been grown on a Zn foil via a solution-phase approach at low temperature. The tips of the nanocones are about 70–160 nm in diameter and their roots are as thick as 350 nm; the diameters of the nanowires are around 70–110 nm. Both the nanocones and nanowires grow preferentially along the [0001] direction. Transmission electron microscopy analysis reveals that the surface of the ZnO nanocones is corrugated or protuberant while the nanowires have a smooth surface. Both shapes demonstrate a strong UV luminescence band around 385 nm, and the nanocones also show three weak bands at 421, 484.6, and 532 nm in the blue-green range.
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81.07.Vb Quantum wires
81.05.Dz II-VI semiconductors
68.65.La Quantum wires (patterned in quantum wells)
78.67.Lt Quantum wires
81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials

Structural evolution of carbon nanotubes in composites under contact sliding stresses

I. Zarudi and L. C. Zhang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 243102 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2212063 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 12 June 2006

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We discovered a new structural evolution of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in epoxy composites subjected to contact sliding stresses. Our analysis under high resolution transmission electron microscopy showed that the evolution has three stages which are (a) the bonding breakage of the CNTs, (b) the formation of sinusoidal shells, and (c) the consolidation of nanoparticles. We then explored the evolution mechanisms theoretically.
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61.46.Fg Nanotubes
64.70.Nd Structural transitions in nanoscale materials
81.40.Pq Friction, lubrication, and wear
62.20.Qp Friction, tribology, and hardness
81.40.Lm Deformation, plasticity, and creep
62.20.F- Deformation and plasticity

Nonlinear size dependence of anatase TiO2 lattice parameters

Varghese Swamy, David Menzies, Barry C. Muddle, Alexei Kuznetsov, Leonid S. Dubrovinsky, Qing Dai, and Vladimir Dmitriev

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 243103 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2213956 (3 pages) | Cited 27 times

Online Publication Date: 12 June 2006

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We characterized the size dependence of anatase TiO2 lattice parameters using Rietveld analysis of angle-dispersive synchrotron x-ray diffraction data obtained on a suite of nanocrystalline samples. The refined crystal structure and microstructure data suggest that for crystallites with size less than ∼ 10 nm, the lattice parameters vary nonlinearly. Small lattice expansion, associated with possible increased Ti vacancy and lattice strain, at reduced crystallite size observed in our samples is in contrast to the lattice contraction behavior reported for “pure” anatase nanocrystals. The nonlinear, composition-dependent variation of anatase unit cell volume contrasts with the linear expansion behavior of rutile lattice at finite sizes.
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61.46.Hk Nanocrystals
61.66.Fn Inorganic compounds
63.22.-m Phonons or vibrational states in low-dimensional structures and nanoscale materials
61.72.J- Point defects and defect clusters

Engineering of quantum dot emission wavelength using conductive layer coating

Kai Zhao, Jaehyuck Choi, and Yu-Hwa Lo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 243104 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2209711 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 13 June 2006

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Semiconductor quantum dot with a conducting half-shell was studied experimentally and theoretically. We sputtered a thin layer of gold on the semispherical surface of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots. At room temperature, the emission wavelength for the half-metal-coated quantum dots was found to be redshifted by 10 nm (38 meV) from the wavelength of uncoated quantum dots, indicating the change of excitonic binding energy due to the gold cap layer. A theoretical model is presented to explain this effect. The results suggest that coating the quantum dots with a conducting shell can change the emission color of the quantum dots. The technique can significantly increase the number of quantum dot fluorescent labels for simultaneous observation of the activities of multiple biomolecules.
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78.66.Hf II-VI semiconductors
78.55.Et II-VI semiconductors
81.05.Dz II-VI semiconductors
81.07.Ta Quantum dots
71.15.Nc Total energy and cohesive energy calculations
71.35.-y Excitons and related phenomena

High-sensitivity surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy based on a metal nanoslit array

Yun Suk Jung, Zhijun Sun, Jeff Wuenschell, Hong Koo Kim, Palwinder Kaur, Lei Wang, and David Waldeck

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 243105 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2209717 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 13 June 2006

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We have chemically modified metal nanoslit array surfaces with alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers and have characterized the resulting spectral shift of optical transmission. Adsorption of a self-assembled monolayer (1.5 nm thick) on a silver nanoslit array (slit width of 30–50 nm and grating period of 360 nm) is found to cause an 11 nm redshift of the main transmission peak. Strong confinement of optical fields in the narrow slit region allows sensitive transduction of surface modification into a shift of surface plasmon resonance wavelength.
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78.67.Bf Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, and nanoclusters
73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)
68.43.-h Chemisorption/physisorption: adsorbates on surfaces

Single-crystalline cubic structured InP nanosprings

G. Z. Shen, Y. Bando, C. Y. Zhi, X. L. Yuan, T. Sekiguchi, and D. Golberg

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 243106 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2208933 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 13 June 2006

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Cubic structured nanosprings, InP nanosprings, have been synthesized via a simple thermochemical process using InP and ZnS as the source materials. Each InP nanospring is formed by rolling up a single InP nanobelt with the growth direction along the ⟨111⟩ orientation. The formation of these novel nanostructures is mainly attributed to the minimization of the electrostatic energy due to the polar charges on the ±(002) side surfaces of cubic InP. Cathodoluminescence properties were also studied, which reveal that the InP nanosprings have three emission bands centered at ∼ 736, ∼ 920, and ∼ 980 nm.
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81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
81.05.Ea III-V semiconductors
78.67.Bf Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, and nanoclusters
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials

Patterning ∼ 20 nm half-pitch lines on silicon using a self-assembled organosilicate etch mask

Linnea Sundström, Leslie Krupp, Eugene Delenia, Charles Rettner, Martha Sanchez, Mark W. Hart, Ho-Cheol Kim, and Ying Zhang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 243107 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2205178 (3 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 13 June 2006

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Lines of ∼ 20 nm half-pitch were generated on silicon surface using a self-assembled organosilicate nanostructure. A mixture of a poly(styrene-b-ethylene oxide) (PS-b-PEO) with an organosilicate precursor that is selectively miscible with PEO was used to create lamellar phase whose orientation was controlled perpendicular to the surface by tuning the surface energy of substrates. Thermal cross-linking of the organosilicate precursor followed by thermal decomposition of the PS-b-PEO leaves a robust organosilicate line pattern of sublithographic length scales on the surface. Line patterns on silicon substrate were created by transferring this self-assembled pattern into the underlying silicon substrate using anisotropic plasma etching.
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68.47.Fg Semiconductor surfaces
81.65.Cf Surface cleaning, etching, patterning
52.77.Bn Etching and cleaning
68.35.Md Surface thermodynamics, surface energies
81.16.Rf Micro- and nanoscale pattern formation
81.05.Cy Elemental semiconductors

Engineering the cap structure of individual carbon nanotubes and corresponding electron field emission characteristics

M. S. Wang, J. Y. Wang, and L.-M. Peng

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 243108 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2208941 (3 pages) | Cited 23 times

Online Publication Date: 13 June 2006

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Electron field emission measurements on individual carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were performed inside a transmission electron microscope. Controlled removal of carbon atoms at the tip of the CNT was realized and various tip structures were fabricated. In particular, a capped CNT was opened and an opened CNT was converted into a capped CNT, and corresponding field emission characteristics were measured. Our results show that the electron field emission properties of CNTs are highly sensitive to the emission tip structures. The ability to modify the tip structure thus provides a way to control the field emission property of the CNT and vice versa.
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81.07.De Nanotubes
81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
61.46.Fg Nanotubes
79.70.+q Field emission, ionization, evaporation, and desorption
68.37.Lp Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

In situ and real time determination of metallic and semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes in suspension via dielectrophoresis

Natacha Mureau, Ernest Mendoza, S. R. P. Silva, Kai F. Hoettges, and Michael P. Hughes

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 243109 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2207501 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 13 June 2006

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We report an alternative method combining dielectrophoresis and impedance spectroscopy to provide rapid, accurate measurement of dielectrophoretic collection of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in real time. We analyzed a Triton X-100 suspension of mixed SWNTs to measure their precise dielectrophoretic collection behavior. Results indicate that our sample contains 21.5% of metallic and 78.5% of semiconducting carbon nanotubes before separation, and that the range of 1–15 MHz is ideal to collect only the metallic ones. Optical absorption was used to confirm these proportions. We discuss the possible errors associated with using purely a Raman technique to validate the type of SWNTs collected in suspension.
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82.45.-h Electrochemistry and electrophoresis
78.67.Ch Nanotubes
78.30.Na Fullerenes and related materials
78.40.Ri Fullerenes and related materials
82.70.Kj Emulsions and suspensions

Role of trivalent La and Nd dopants in lattice distortion and oxygen vacancy generation in cerium oxide nanoparticles

Swanand Patil, Sudipta Seal, Yu Guo, Alfons Schulte, and John Norwood

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 243110 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2210795 (3 pages) | Cited 39 times

Online Publication Date: 14 June 2006

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Nanocrystalline Ce1−xRExO2−y (RE = La and Nd) powders were synthesized with a controlled size in the range of 3–5 nm using microemulsion technique. The nanoceria retains its cubic fluorite structures for the complete doping range. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopic studies showed that the lattice distortion increased with the doping amount and was found to be higher for La-doped samples compared to the Nd doping. Spatial correlation model used for Raman analysis suggested increased defect concentration for the doped samples compared to nanoceria.
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61.72.up Other materials
61.72.J- Point defects and defect clusters
61.46.Df Structure of nanocrystals and nanoparticles ("colloidal" quantum dots but not gate-isolated embedded quantum dots)
78.67.Bf Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, and nanoclusters
78.30.Hv Other nonmetallic inorganics

NO2 decomposition on Rh clusters supported on single-walled carbon nanotubes

R. Larciprete, S. Lizzit, L. Petaccia, and A. Goldoni

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 243111 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2211190 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 15 June 2006

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High-resolution photoemission spectroscopy was used to study Rh decorated single-walled C nanotubes before and after the exposure to NO2. We found that the metal adatoms form ordered nanocrystallites exhibiting a surface termination close to the (111) oriented crystal. After NO2 uptake at 200 K, the thermal evolution of the NOx adspecies indicates for the Rh nanocrystallites a catalytic behavior similar to the low index Rh surfaces. The Rh 3d5/2 line shape discloses the bonding of Rh atoms to NO2 and its fragments, whereas the oxidation of the metal/nanotubes contact is monitored by the energy shift of the C 1s peak.
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68.43.Mn Adsorption kinetics
64.75.-g Phase equilibria
82.65.+r Surface and interface chemistry; heterogeneous catalysis at surfaces
79.60.Jv Interfaces; heterostructures; nanostructures

Electrostrictive effect on electronic structures of carbon nanotubes

Chun Tang, Wanlin Guo, and Yufeng Guo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 243112 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2213011 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 15 June 2006

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The effect of axial electrostrictive deformation on the electronic properties of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is studied by the density functional theory. We find that the band structures of SWCNTs change in electric fields, and the change can be significantly enhanced by the electrostrictive deformation. The polarization of the orbital charge densities and the variation of the dipole moment are also enhanced by the electrostriction. The influence of chirality and size effect on these properties are also analyzed.
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73.22.-f Electronic structure of nanoscale materials and related systems
71.20.Tx Fullerenes and related materials; intercalation compounds
61.46.Fg Nanotubes
77.65.-j Piezoelectricity and electromechanical effects

Three-way electrical gating characteristics of metallic Y-junction carbon nanotubes

J. Park, C. Daraio, S. Jin, P. R. Bandaru, J. Gaillard, and A. M. Rao

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 243113 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2213013 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 15 June 2006

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Y-junction based carbon nanotube (CNT) transistors exhibit interesting switching behaviors, and have the structural advantage that the electrical gate for current modulation can be formed by any of the three constituent branches. In this letter, we report on the gating characteristics of metallic Y-CNT morphologies. By measuring the output conductance and transconductance we conclude that the efficiency and gain depend on the branch diameter and is electric field controlled. Based on these principles, we propose a design for a Y-junction based CNT switching device, with tunable electrical properties.
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73.63.Fg Nanotubes
61.46.Fg Nanotubes

Role of nucleation in nanodiamond film growth

Y. Lifshitz, C. H. Lee, Y. Wu, W. J. Zhang, I. Bello, and S. T. Lee

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 243114 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2213019 (3 pages) | Cited 20 times

Online Publication Date: 15 June 2006

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Nanodiamond films were deposited using different microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition schemes following several nucleation pretreatment methods. The nucleation efficiency and the films structure were investigated using scanning and transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. C2 dimer growth (CH4 and H2 in 90% Ar) cannot nucleate diamond and works only on existing diamond surfaces. The methyl radical process (up to 20% CH4 in H2) allows some nucleation probability on appropriate substrates. Prolonged bias enhanced nucleation initiates both diamond nucleation and growth. C2 dimer growth results in pure nanodiamond free of amorphous carbon, while prolonged bias enhanced nucleation forms an amorphous carbon/nanodiamond composite.
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68.55.A- Nucleation and growth
52.77.Dq Plasma-based ion implantation and deposition
81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-enhanced CVD, MOCVD, ALD, etc.)
78.30.Hv Other nonmetallic inorganics
68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology

Flame synthesis of aligned tungsten oxide nanowires

Fusheng Xu, Stephen D. Tse, Jafar F. Al-Sharab, and Bernard H. Kear

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 243115 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2213181 (3 pages) | Cited 18 times

Online Publication Date: 15 June 2006

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Aligned single-crystal WO2.9 nanowires are grown directly from tungsten substrates at high rates using a flame synthesis method. The nanowires have diameters of 20–50 nm, lengths >10 μm, coverage density of 109–1010 cm−2, and growth rates >1 μm/min. Growth occurs by the vapor-solid mechanism, with local gas-phase temperature ( ∼ 1720 K) and chemical species (O2, H2O, and H2) strategically specified at the substrate for self-synthesis. Advantages of this synthesis method are reduced processing times, absence of necessity for substrate pretreatment or catalysts, scalability for large-area surface coverage, high purity and yield of oriented nanowires, and continuous processing conditions.
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81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
68.65.-k Low-dimensional, mesoscopic, nanoscale and other related systems: structure and nonelectronic properties
61.46.Hk Nanocrystals

Three-dimensional imaging of nanovoids in copper interconnects using incoherent bright field tomography

Peter Ercius, Matthew Weyland, David A. Muller, and Lynne M. Gignac

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 243116 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2213185 (3 pages) | Cited 20 times

Online Publication Date: 15 June 2006

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As integrated circuits have shrunk, conventional electron microscopies have proven inadequate for imaging complicated interconnect structures due to the overlap of features in projection. These techniques produce transmission functions with a nonmonotonic dependence of intensity on thickness for common microelectronic materials, making them unsuitable for tomography. We report the use of an incoherent bright field imaging technique in a scanning transmission electron microscope optimized for the three-dimensional reconstruction of thick copper microelectronic structures. Predictable behavior of the signal in samples up to ∼ 1 μm thick allows us to reconstruct and quantify the shape and volume of stress voids within Ta-lined interconnects.
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42.30.Wb Image reconstruction; tomography
07.78.+s Electron, positron, and ion microscopes; electron diffractometers
85.40.Ls Metallization, contacts, interconnects; device isolation

Embedded growth mode of thermodynamically stable metallic nanoparticles on III-V semiconductors

B. D. Schultz, S. G. Choi, and C. J. Palmstrøm

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 243117 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2213201 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 15 June 2006

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The epitaxial growth of ErSb on GaSb(001) surfaces occurs by an embedded growth mode where stable nanometer sized islands are nucleated within the semiconductor via a displacement reaction on the surface. The ErSb islands extend up to four atomic layers beneath the surface before growing laterally and coalescing into a continuous film. The growth mode is not governed by epitaxial strain or surface, bulk, and interfacial energy differences, instead the surface morphologies resulting from this growth mode are shown to depend on structural similarities, thermodynamics, and diffusion.
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68.65.-k Low-dimensional, mesoscopic, nanoscale and other related systems: structure and nonelectronic properties
81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
61.46.Df Structure of nanocrystals and nanoparticles ("colloidal" quantum dots but not gate-isolated embedded quantum dots)
68.35.B- Structure of clean surfaces (and surface reconstruction)
68.35.Fx Diffusion; interface formation
66.30.Ny Chemical interdiffusion; diffusion barriers

Cobalt nanorods fully encapsulated in carbon nanotube and magnetization measurements by off-axis electron holography

Takeshi Fujita, Yasuhiko Hayashi, Tomoharu Tokunaga, and Kazuo Yamamoto

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 243118 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2213202 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 15 June 2006

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Fully encapsulated face-centered-cubic (fcc) Co nanorods in multiwalled carbon nanotubes were produced by microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Quantitative magnetization measurements of the Co nanorods were carried out by off-axis electron holography using a theoretical cylindrical model. The component of magnetic induction was then measured to be 1.2±0.1 T, which is lower than the expected saturation magnetization of fcc Co of 1.7 T. The reason for the reduced magnetic component was discussed.
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81.07.-b Nanoscale materials and structures: fabrication and characterization
75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects
75.50.Cc Other ferromagnetic metals and alloys
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-enhanced CVD, MOCVD, ALD, etc.)
52.77.Dq Plasma-based ion implantation and deposition
81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing

Optical absorption and electrical transport in hybrid TiO2 and polymer nanocomposite films

Xi-Song Zhou, Zheng Li, Ning Wang, Yuan-Hua Lin, and Ce-Wen Nan

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 243119 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2205181 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 15 June 2006

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Hybrid nanofilms of poly(2-methoxy-5-ethylhexyloxy-1,4-phenylene)vinylene (MEH-PPV) and anatase-TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared. The results showed that the optical absorption spectra and electrical transport properties of the TiO2/MEH-PPV nanocomposite films were strongly dependent on the particle size and concentration of TiO2 nanoparticles in the hybrid films. In comparison with pure TiO2 nanofilms, the hybrid TiO2/MEH-PPV films presented a shift of the absorption edge to the lower-energy region, and an obvious nonlinear current-voltage characteristic.
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78.66.-w Optical properties of specific thin films
73.61.-r Electrical properties of specific thin films

Superhydrophobic behavior of fluorinated carbon nanofiber arrays

Chien-Te Hsieh and Wen-Syuan Fan

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 243120 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2213949 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 16 June 2006

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Superhydrophobic behavior of fluorinated carbon nanofiber (CNF) arrays, prepared by a template-assisted synthesis, has been investigated. A thermal chemical vapor method, using perfluorohexane as the precursor, was used to coat fluorocarbon on the surface of the CNFs, thus lowering their surface tension. The F-coated CNFs exhibited a good water-repellent behavior, i.e., the highest value of contact angle ∼ 166°. The superhydrophobicity of water droplets on the arrays can be well predicted by a modified Cassie-Baxter model, incorporating the pore size distributions determined from the density functional theory method. This satisfactory result would shed one light on how the variation of opened sizes would induce the superhydrophobicity of nanostructured surfaces.
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68.03.Cd Surface tension and related phenomena
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
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