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4 Sep 2006

Volume 89, Issue 10, Articles (10xxxx)

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 103101 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2345352 (3 pages)

F. Hao and P. Nordlander
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All-dimensional subwavelength cavities made with metamaterials

Hongqiang Li, Jiaming Hao, Lei Zhou, Zeyong Wei, Lingkan Gong, Hong Chen, and C. T. Chan

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 104101 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2338795 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 5 September 2006

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By exploiting the reflection phase properties of metamaterial reflectors, the authors propose a method to break the size restrictions imposed strictly on conventional cavities. They design the all-dimensional subwavelength cavities and perform experiments and simulations to demonstrate their subwavelength functionalities. For the smallest cavity that they fabricated, each dimension is only a quarter of the resonance wavelength.
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42.70.-a Optical materials
42.15.Eq Optical system design

Fast electronic and thermal processes in femtosecond laser ablation of Au

Hatem Dachraoui and Wolfgang Husinsky

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 104102 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2338540 (3 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 5 September 2006

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Velocity distribution, pulse width dependence studies, and two-pulse correlation measurements have been used to study the possibility of the occurrence of ultrafast electronic and thermal ablation processes in Au exposed to ultrashort laser pulses in the femtosecond to picosecond time domain. Three distinct different velocity groups (5.5, 1.5, and 0.25 eV) have been observed and can be attributed to two ultrafast electronic processes (Coulomb explosion and rapid plasma formation) and a thermal process. The buildup of a rapid plasma favors the laser energy absorption around 400 fs after the beginning of the laser-matter interaction.
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52.38.Mf Laser ablation
52.50.Jm Plasma production and heating by laser beams (laser-foil, laser-cluster, etc.)
52.50.Lp Plasma production and heating by shock waves and compression
52.25.Fi Transport properties
52.70.Nc Particle measurements
52.38.Dx Laser light absorption in plasmas (collisional, parametric, etc.)

Photonic crystal thin films of GaAs prepared by atomic layer deposition

I. M. Povey, D. Whitehead, K. Thomas, M. E. Pemble, M. Bardosova, and J. Renard

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 104103 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2345359 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 6 September 2006

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Photonic crystal thin films were fabricated via the self-assembly of a lattice of silica spheres on silicon (100) substrates. Progressive infilling of the air spaces within the structure with GaAs was achieved using trimethylgallium and arsine under atomic-layer-deposition conditions. Samples with the highest levels of GaAs infill were subsequently inverted using selective etching. Reflectance spectra are interpreted via the Bragg expression and calculated photonic band structure diagrams. For GaAs infilled and inverted samples, the relative positions of the first and second order Bragg reflections are strongly influenced by the wavelength dependent refractive index.
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78.66.Fd III-V semiconductors
42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
81.15.-z Methods of deposition of films and coatings; film growth and epitaxy
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-enhanced CVD, MOCVD, ALD, etc.)
81.16.Dn Self-assembly
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)

Correlation between phase formation and magnetic properties of heavy ion irradiated Co/Pt bilayers

Sanjukta Ghosh, M. Mäder, R. Grötzschel, A. Gupta, and T. Som

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 104104 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2345611 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 6 September 2006

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In this letter, the authors report the correlation between the magnetic and the structural properties of 200 keV Kr and 50 keV Ar ion irradiated Co/Pt bilayer samples at different temperatures and fluences. They observe irradiation induced formation of stable Co–Pt phases, which appears to be more prominent at higher irradiation temperatures. A large shape anisotropy in the hysteresis loop is also observed when irradiated at higher temperatures, which could be indicative of a magnetization reversal. A CoPt ordered/disordered phase formation leads to the enhancement in the coercivity. The sequence of phase formations is predicted by the heat of formation rule.
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75.70.Cn Magnetic properties of interfaces (multilayers, superlattices, heterostructures)
75.50.Cc Other ferromagnetic metals and alloys
61.80.Jh Ion radiation effects
75.30.Gw Magnetic anisotropy
75.60.Jk Magnetization reversal mechanisms
75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects

Effects of quenching on electronic-resonance-enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering of nitric oxide

Sukesh Roy, Waruna D. Kulatilaka, Sameer V. Naik, Normand M. Laurendeau, Robert P. Lucht, and James R. Gord

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 104105 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2338014 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 8 September 2006

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We investigate the effects of gas-mixture composition on the electronic-resonance-enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (ERE-CARS) signals of nitric oxide (NO). From previous laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) studies, quenching rates are known to change drastically, by factors of 400–800, in mixtures of CO2/O2/N2. The observed ERE-CARS signal remains constant to within 30% whereas LIF signals from NO are predicted to decrease by more than two orders of magnitudes in the same environments. This is very significant for using NO ERE-CARS in high-pressure combustion environments where the electronic quenching rate can vary rapidly as a function of both space and time.
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78.30.-j Infrared and Raman spectra

Plastron properties of a superhydrophobic surface

Neil J. Shirtcliffe, Glen McHale, Michael I. Newton, Carole C. Perry, and F. Brian Pyatt

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 104106 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2347266 (2 pages) | Cited 23 times

Online Publication Date: 8 September 2006

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Most insects and spiders drown when submerged during flooding or tidal inundation, but some are able to survive and others can remain submerged indefinitely without harm. Many achieve this by natural adaptations to their surface morphology to trap films of air, creating plastrons which fix the water-vapor interface and provide an incompressible oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange surface. Here the authors demonstrate how the surface of an extremely water-repellent foam mimics this mechanism of underwater respiration and allows direct extraction of oxygen from aerated water. The biomimetic principle demonstrated can be applied to a wide variety of man-made superhydrophobic materials.
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87.19.U- Hemodynamics
87.19.Wx Pneumodyamics, respiration
82.70.Rr Aerosols and foams
47.63.Ec Pulmonary fluid mechanics

Efficiency of energy conversion by piezoelectrics

J. H. Cho, R. F. Richards, D. F. Bahr, C. D. Richards, and M. J. Anderson

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 104107 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2344868 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 8 September 2006

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The efficiency of energy conversion by piezoelectric devices depends upon the quality factor Q and electromechanical coupling coefficient k2. In this study the efficiency Q and k2 are measured for a piezoelectric cantilever, a piezoelectric stack, and a micromachined piezoelectric membrane. The experimental values are compared to a model which predicts efficiency at resonance in terms of k2 and Q. Results of the experiment and model are within 2% of each other.
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85.50.-n Dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric devices
84.60.-h Direct energy conversion and storage

Self-organization of step bunching instability on vicinal substrate

A. Pascale, I. Berbezier, A. Ronda, A. Videcoq, and A. Pimpinelli

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 104108 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2345223 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 8 September 2006

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The authors investigate quantitatively the self-organization of step bunching instability during epitaxy of Si on vicinal Si(001). They show that growth instability evolution can be fitted by power laws L ∼ tα and A ∼ tβ (where L is the correlation length and A is the instability amplitude) with critical exponents α ∼ 0.3 and β ∼ 0.5 in good agreement with previous studies and well reproduced by kinetic Monte Carlo simulation. They demonstrate that the main phenomenon controlling step bunching is the anisotropy of surface diffusion. The microscopic origin of the instability is attributed to an easier adatom detachment from SA step, which can be interpreted as a pseudoinverse Ehrlich-Schwoebel barrier [J. Appl. Phys. 37, 3682 (1967) ; J. Chem. Phys. 44, 1039 (1966) ].
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81.05.Cy Elemental semiconductors
68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology
68.55.A- Nucleation and growth
64.60.F- Equilibrium properties near critical points, critical exponents
68.35.Fx Diffusion; interface formation
81.15.Hi Molecular, atomic, ion, and chemical beam epitaxy
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