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4 Sep 2006

Volume 89, Issue 10, Articles (10xxxx)

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 103101 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2345352 (3 pages)

F. Hao and P. Nordlander
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Plasmonic coupling between a metallic nanosphere and a thin metallic wire

F. Hao and P. Nordlander

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 103101 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2345352 (3 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 5 September 2006

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Using the plasmon hybridization method the authors examine light-induced coupling between the localized plasmons of a metallic nanosphere and the propagating plasmons of an infinite metallic wire. The plasmon resonances of the coupled system are found to be shifted in frequency relative to the plasmonic structure of the isolated nanoparticles. The magnitude of the shifts depends on the polarization of the incident light and the system geometry. In the limit of a thin wire, it is shown that the nanosphere can serve as an efficient nanoantenna which can couple incident electromagnetic radiation into low-energy propagating wire plasmons.
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71.45.Gm Exchange, correlation, dielectric and magnetic response functions, plasmons
73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)
61.46.Df Structure of nanocrystals and nanoparticles ("colloidal" quantum dots but not gate-isolated embedded quantum dots)

Joule heating induced negative differential resistance in freestanding metallic carbon nanotubes

Marcelo A. Kuroda and Jean-Pierre Leburton

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 103102 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2345244 (3 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 5 September 2006

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The features of the IV characteristics of metallic carbon nanotubes (m-CNTs) in different experimental setups are studied using semiclassical Boltzmann transport equation together with the heat dissipation equation to account for significant thermal effects at high electric bias. The model predicts that the shape of the m-CNT characteristics is basically controlled by heat removal mechanisms. In particular, the authors show that the onset of negative differential resistance in freestanding nanotubes finds its origins in strong transport nonlinearities associated with poor heat removal unlike in substrate-supported nanotubes.
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73.63.Fg Nanotubes
72.20.Ht High-field and nonlinear effects

Controlled preparation and electron emission properties of three-dimensional micropatterned aligned carbon nanotubes

Ajeeta Patil, Toshiyuki Ohashi, Alper Buldum, and Liming Dai

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 103103 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2345253 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 5 September 2006

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The authors have developed a simple, but very effective and versatile, dry contact transfer technique for controlled preparation of three-dimensional (3D) perpendicularly aligned carbon nanotube micropatterns with region-specific tube lengths. The 3D micropatterned aligned carbon nanotubes were demonstrated to show a stepwise electron emission behavior, providing an effective means for developing multifunctional electron emitters with tailor-made field emission characteristics.
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79.70.+q Field emission, ionization, evaporation, and desorption
81.16.Rf Micro- and nanoscale pattern formation

Monte Carlo simulation of phonon confinement in silicon nanostructures: Application to the determination of the thermal conductivity of silicon nanowires

David Lacroix, Karl Joulain, Damian Terris, and Denis Lemonnier

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 103104 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2345598 (3 pages) | Cited 26 times

Online Publication Date: 5 September 2006

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The authors study the thermal conductivity of silicon nanowires by simulation of phonon motion and interactions through a dedicated Monte Carlo model. This model solves the Boltzmann transport equation, taking into account silicon acoustic mode dispersion curves and three phonon interactions (the normal and umklapp processes). The confinement, which limits the thermal conductivity in such structures, is described by diffuse reflection at lateral boundaries of the nanowire without any adjustment by a boundary collision time, which depends on a specularity factor. They compare simulation results to experimental measurements on similar nanostructures. A good agreement is achieved for almost all the considered diameters.
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63.22.-m Phonons or vibrational states in low-dimensional structures and nanoscale materials
66.70.-f Nonelectronic thermal conduction and heat-pulse propagation in solids; thermal waves
62.65.+k Acoustical properties of solids

One-step solution fabrication of magnetic chains consisting of jingle-bell-shaped cobalt mesospheres

Fang Liang, Lin Guo, QunPeng Zhong, Xiaogang Wen, Shihe Yang, Wangzhi Zheng, Chinping Chen, Nina Zhang, and Weiguo Chu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 103105 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2344933 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 5 September 2006

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Using a one-step solution phase approach, the authors have synthesized uniform jingle bell-shaped cobalt mesopheres (550–750 nm) and assembled the mesospheres into long magnetic chains (20–30 μm). All of the cobalt spheres are hollow with ∼ 40 nm thick shells but each contains an ∼ 200 nm diameter solid ball. The nano- to mesoscale structures were realized via reaction of CoCl2∙6H2O and N2H4∙H2O in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in an ethylene glycol solution. Magnetic measurements show a coercivity of about 75 Oe with a remnance of 9.6 emu/g at 300 K. We propose a possible mechanism for the formation of the nanoto mesoscale structures.
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75.50.Cc Other ferromagnetic metals and alloys
75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems; nanocrystalline materials
81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials

Very high quality AlN grown on (0001) sapphire by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy

Y. A. Xi, K. X. Chen, F. Mont, J. K. Kim, C. Wetzel, E. F. Schubert, W. Liu, X. Li, and J. A. Smart

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 103106 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2345256 (3 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 6 September 2006

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Very high quality AlN epitaxially grown on (0001) sapphire by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy is investigated by atomic force microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and photospectrometry. A clear and continuously linear step-flow pattern with sawtooth shaped terrace edges is observed in atomic force microscopic images. Triple-axis x-ray rocking curves show a full width at half maximum of 11.5 and 14.5 arc sec for the (002) and (004) reflections, respectively. KOH etching reveals an etch-pit density of 2×107 cm−2, as deduced from atomic force microscopy measurements. The optical transmission spectrum shows a sharp absorption edge with a band gap energy of 6.10 eV.
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68.47.Fg Semiconductor surfaces
71.20.Nr Semiconductor compounds
68.37.Ps Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
78.66.Fd III-V semiconductors
81.15.Kk Vapor phase epitaxy; growth from vapor phase
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-enhanced CVD, MOCVD, ALD, etc.)

Electrically controlled surface plasmon resonance frequency of gold nanorods

K. C. Chu, C. Y. Chao, Y. F. Chen, Y. C. Wu, and C. C. Chen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 103107 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2335812 (3 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 6 September 2006

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We have presented the voltage-controlled tuning of plasmonic response of absorption spectra of gold nanorods in liquid crystals. We observe that gold nanorods can be aligned along the rubbed polyimide substrate before applying external voltage. It is found that the transverse mode of gold nanorods shows a blueshift or a redshift when rotating the analyzer parallel or perpendicular to the rubbing direction, respectively, while all longitudinal modes display a redshift behavior. This work offers an easy way to tune the transverse and longitudinal modes of gold nanorods simultaneously, which makes it feasible to establish the color tunable devices.
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73.22.Lp Collective excitations
78.67.Bf Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, and nanoclusters
78.40.Kc Metals, semimetals, and alloys

Atomic composition profile change of SiGe islands during Si capping

F. H. Li, Y. L. Fan, X. J. Yang, Z. M. Jiang, Y. Q. Wu, and J. Zou

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 103108 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2345589 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 6 September 2006

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The 6% Ge isocomposition profile change of individual SiGe islands during Si capping at 640 °C is investigated by atomic force microscopy combined with a selective etching procedure. The island shape transforms from a dome to a {103}-faceted pyramid at a Si capping thickness of 0.32 nm, followed by the decreasing of pyramid facet inclination with increasing Si capping layer thickness. The 6% Ge isocomposition profiles show that the island with more highly Si enriched at its one base corner before Si capping becomes to be more highly Si intermixed along pyramid base diagonals during Si capping. This Si enrichment evolution inside an island during Si capping can be attributed to the exchange of capped Si atoms that aggregated to the island by surface diffusion with Ge atoms from inside the island by both atomic surface segregation and interdiffusion rather than to the atomic interdiffusion at the interface between the island and the Si substrate. In addition, the observed Si enrichment along the island base diagonals is attempted to be explained on the basis of the elastic constant anisotropy of the Si and Ge materials in (001) plane.
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68.35.B- Structure of clean surfaces (and surface reconstruction)
68.35.Fx Diffusion; interface formation
81.65.Cf Surface cleaning, etching, patterning
66.30.Ny Chemical interdiffusion; diffusion barriers
81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity, stress-strain relations
62.20.D- Elasticity

Optoelectrical characteristics of individual zinc oxide nanorods grown by DNA directed assembly on vertically aligned carbon nanotube tips

Adam D. Lazareck, Teng-Fang Kuo, Jimmy M. Xu, Bradford J. Taft, Shana O. Kelley, and Sylvain G. Cloutier

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 103109 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2338559 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 6 September 2006

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The authors describe the properties of electronically active nanowires that can be assembled via DNA directed growth on a nanostructured array. DNA-modified nanoparticles are used to site-specifically address the tips of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) that serve as catalysts for the growth of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods. Using conductive probe atomic force microscopy, they measured the conductance characteristics of single ZnO-CNT structures under various force and illumination conditions and at different sites in a large array, thereby establishing that DNA directed formation of multimaterial, optically active nanostructures can yield devices that are electronically functional at the nanometer scale. The inherent ability of DNA to carry and convey encoded information provides the basis for targeted synthesis of nanostructured devices.
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73.63.Nm Quantum wires
81.07.Vb Quantum wires
81.16.Hc Catalytic methods
81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
82.65.+r Surface and interface chemistry; heterogeneous catalysis at surfaces
68.37.Ps Atomic force microscopy (AFM)

Expanded conformation of macromolecular chain in polyaniline with one-dimensional nanostructure prepared by interfacial polymerization

Wei Li, Meifang Zhu, Qinghua Zhang, and Dajun Chen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 103110 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2345376 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 7 September 2006

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In this letter, the authors report the formation mechanism of one-dimensional nanostructural polyaniline prepared by an interfacial polymerization. The transmission electron microscopy image of the conducting polymer exhibits a diameter of ∼ 80 nm and a length of ∼ 1 μm. The resistivity of the polymer at room temperature is 3.03±0.05 Ω cm. The measurement of in situ UV-visible spectra showed an “expanded and partly doped” stage in the interfacial polymerization. It is hypothesized that the expanded molecular conformation performs a molecular template function on the formation of one-dimensional structure in the synthesis process.
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82.35.Cd Conducting polymers
61.41.+e Polymers, elastomers, and plastics
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
73.63.Bd Nanocrystalline materials
72.80.Le Polymers; organic compounds (including organic semiconductors)
78.40.Me Organic compounds and polymers

Carbon nanotube based microfocus field emission x-ray source for microcomputed tomography

Zejian Liu, Guang Yang, Yueh Z. Lee, David Bordelon, Jianping Lu, and Otto Zhou

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 103111 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2345829 (3 pages) | Cited 47 times

Online Publication Date: 7 September 2006

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Microcomputed tomography is now widely used for in vivo small animal imaging for cancer studies. Achieving high imaging quality of live objects requires the x-ray source to have both high spatial and temporal resolutions. Preliminary studies have shown that carbon nanotube (CNT) based field emission x-ray source has significant intrinsic advantages over the conventional thermionic x-ray tube including better temporal resolution and programmability. Here we report the design and characterization of a CNT based field emission x-ray source that also affords a high spatial resolution. The device uses modified asymmetric Einzel lenses for electron focusing and an elliptical shaped CNT cathode patterned by photolithography. Stable and small isotropic x-ray focal spot sizes were obtained.
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87.85.Qr Nanotechnologies-design
87.85.Rs Nanotechnologies-applications
87.59.bd Computed radiography
81.16.Nd Micro- and nanolithography
87.19.X- Diseases
79.70.+q Field emission, ionization, evaporation, and desorption

Radial textured carbon nanoflake spherules

N. G. Shang, T. Staedler, and X. Jiang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 103112 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2346314 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 7 September 2006

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A unique type of carbon structure, radial textured carbon nanoflake spherules, has been synthesized by a microwave plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition method. The spherules with a diameter of 1.2–35 μm consist of a number of radially distributed carbon nanoflakes growing from a common core. The constituent nanoflakes are interlaced and perpendicular to the surface of spherules, forming a large amount of open edge planes. Thus, the carbon nanoflake spherules are isotropic graphite with a larger surface area and higher surface activity, which can be demonstrated by Raman scattering spectroscopy with two characteristic peaks of 860 and 1140 cm−1.
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81.05.U- Carbon/carbon-based materials
81.07.-b Nanoscale materials and structures: fabrication and characterization
81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-enhanced CVD, MOCVD, ALD, etc.)
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
61.48.-c Structure of fullerenes and related hollow and planar molecular structures

Polymer supported carbon nanotube arrays for field emission and sensor devices

Paul C. P. Watts, Stephen M. Lyth, Ernest Mendoza, and S. Ravi P. Silva

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 103113 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2345615 (3 pages) | Cited 20 times

Online Publication Date: 8 September 2006

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The authors report a simple method for providing a polymer support structure for carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays for device applications. This method has a twofold effect: firstly it secures the nanotubes to the substrate and secondly it significantly decreases the threshold field for field emission from 26.2 to 9.7 V/μm. This method ensures that the main body and tips of the CNTs are polymer-free and therefore can also be applied to CNT sensor array device fabrication.
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81.07.De Nanotubes
81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
61.46.Fg Nanotubes
79.70.+q Field emission, ionization, evaporation, and desorption

Transportation of molecules with a scanning tunneling microscope

Hanjie Zhang, Han Huang, Pimo He, Shining Bao, Wuzong Zhou, and Neville V. Richardson

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 103114 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2340037 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 8 September 2006

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Transportation of mass molecules from one metal surface to another has been achieved with scanning tunneling microscope tip at room temperature. With scanning monolayer of tetracene on Ag(110) surface, the molecules were removed gradually, leaving ordered stripes on the Ag surface; the ordered stripes are unidirectional nanoscopic molecular rows with a width of about 1.4 nm. Scanning the clean Ru(10math0) sample with the tip, previously adsorbed the tetracene molecules, caused an appearance of the molecules on the Ru surface. Short molecular strips with different widths from 4 to 20 nm were drawn on the Ru surface by a molecule-loaded W tip.
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81.16.Ta Atom manipulation
81.07.-b Nanoscale materials and structures: fabrication and characterization
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
68.35.B- Structure of clean surfaces (and surface reconstruction)
68.43.Fg Adsorbate structure (binding sites, geometry)
68.43.Mn Adsorption kinetics
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