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30 Oct 2006

Volume 89, Issue 18, Articles (18xxxx)

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 181101 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2372737 (3 pages)

Z. D. Gao, S. N. Zhu, Shih-Yu Tu, and A. H. Kung
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Mechanics of prestressed polydimethylsiloxane-carbon nanotube composite

J. Paul, S. Sindhu, M. H. Nurmawati, and S. Valiyaveettil

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 184101 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2372447 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 30 October 2006

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The influence of the presence of static stress on the dynamic mechanical properties of polydimethylsiloxane-carbon nanotube composite is evaluated. Significant enhancement in the dynamic stiffness is observed, which can be attributed to the combined effect of nanotube nucleated strain induced crystallization, modulation in the waviness of the nanotube entanglements, and the enhanced interfacial adhesion due to the prevailing hydrostatic pressure. The study provides a platform for understanding the behavior of carbon nanotube composites in the stressed state and thereby to consider the prestressing process as an ideal option for enhancing the mechanical properties.
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62.25.-g Mechanical properties of nanoscale systems
61.46.Fg Nanotubes
62.20.D- Elasticity
81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity, stress-strain relations
64.70.K- Solid-solid transitions
68.35.Np Adhesion

Intersubband transitions in GaP–AlP heterostructures

M. P. Semtsiv, U. Müller, W. T. Masselink, N. Georgiev, T. Dekorsy, and M. Helm

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 184102 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2372709 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 31 October 2006

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Intersubband optical transitions in doped AlP–GaP multiple quantum wells are investigated using midinfrared absorption. Strong p-polarized absorption corresponding to the transition from the first to the fourth electronic subband in the Xz valley is measured at wavelengths between 5 and 8 μm. Additional absorption peaks related to transitions between confined donor states are also observed. The measured intersubband transition energies are consistent with an X valley conduction band offset between AlP and GaP of 280 meV and a value of 1.1m0 for the longitudinal effective mass for the X valleys of AlP (where m0 is a free electron mass). These values, the role of donors and confined two-dimensional continuum states, and applications of this system for terahertz intersubband devices are discussed.
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78.67.De Quantum wells
78.30.Fs III-V and II-VI semiconductors
68.65.Fg Quantum wells
71.20.Nr Semiconductor compounds

All-optical switching in the near infrared with bacteriorhodopsin-coated microcavities

Juraj Topolancik and Frank Vollmer

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 184103 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2372711 (3 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 31 October 2006

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Photoinduced molecular transitions in bacteriorhodpsin are used to reversibly configure a micron-scale photonic component in which the optical response is resonantly enhanced. The chromophore retinal undergoes photoinduced all-trans to 13-cis conformational change, which tunes resonances in a silica microsphere coated with three bacteriorhodopsin monolayers. The tunable, all-optical resonant coupler reroutes a near-infrared beam (λprobe ≅ 1311 nm) between two tapered optical fibers using a low-power (<200 μW) green pump (λpump = 532 nm). The approach represents a bottom-up paradigm for fabrication of hybrid molecular-photonic architectures that employ self-assembled biomolecules for optical manipulation at small scales.
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42.65.Pc Optical bistability, multistability, and switching, including local field effects
87.14.E- Proteins
42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers

Buried p-type layers in Mg-doped InN

P. A. Anderson, C. H. Swartz, D. Carder, R. J. Reeves, S. M. Durbin, S. Chandril, and T. H. Myers

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 184104 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2378489 (3 pages) | Cited 39 times

Online Publication Date: 2 November 2006

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Variable magnetic field Hall effect, photoluminescence, and capacitance-voltage (CV) analysis have been used to study InN layers grown by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy. All three techniques reveal evidence of a buried p-type layer beneath a surface electron accumulation layer in heavily Mg-doped samples. Early indications suggest the Mg acceptor level in InN may lie near 110 meV above the valence band maximum. The development of p-type doping techniques offers great promise for future InN based devices.
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81.05.Ea III-V semiconductors
78.66.Fd III-V semiconductors
73.61.Ey III-V semiconductors
78.55.Cr III-V semiconductors
68.55.A- Nucleation and growth
68.55.Ln Defects and impurities: doping, implantation, distribution, concentration, etc.

Actuation of water droplets driven by an organic transistor based inverter

Suvid Nadkarni, Byungwook Yoo, Debarshi Basu, and Ananth Dodabalapur

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 184105 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2374685 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 3 November 2006

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The authors report the implementation of a microfluidic device for actuation of water droplets driven by an organic transistor based inverter. The research reported in this letter combines the advantages of discrete droplet based microfluidic systems along with simple fabrication procedures for fabricating organic transistor based circuits. An organic transistor based inverter fabricated using pentacene and N,N′-bis(n-octyl)-dicyanoperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboxyimide) (Northwestern University) is used to drive water droplets on a simple microfluidic device not employing the use of a top plate. Rapid and repeatable motion of droplets is observed for output voltages of 50–95 V.
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85.85.+j Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and devices
85.30.Tv Field effect devices
84.30.Jc Power electronics; power supply circuits

Simultaneous determination of density and viscosity of liquids based on resonance curves of uncalibrated microcantilevers

Neal McLoughlin, Stephen L. Lee, and Georg Hähner

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 184106 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2374867 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 3 November 2006

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The response of magnetically driven noncalibrated atomic force microscope cantilevers was measured in water/ethanol mixtures. Data recorded in pure water and in pure ethanol were used independently to extract parameters characteristic of the resonance behavior of the system. These parameters were then employed to determine the viscosity and density values of the mixtures. The values obtained are within ∼ 5% of those published in the literature. The procedure presented allows small volumes (approximately microliters) of liquids to be investigated and does not require any knowledge of the spring constant or the geometry of the microcantilever.
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68.37.Ps Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
66.20.-d Viscosity of liquids; diffusive momentum transport

Ultrafast imaging of in vivo muscle contraction using ultrasound

Thomas Deffieux, Jean-Luc Gennisson, Mickaël Tanter, Mathias Fink, and Antoine Nordez

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 184107 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2378616 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 3 November 2006

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In this letter, an innovative way of imaging transient and local shear vibrations of an in vivo contracting muscle is proposed. The principle is to use an ultrafast ultrasound scanner (up to 5000 frames s−1) able to follow with a submillimeter resolution the motion of the muscle tissue in a two dimensional plane. This ultrafast echographic imaging technique leads to both local and transient in vivo studies of the contraction of a muscle as reported by these first experiments done on the biceps brachii.
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87.63.D- Ultrasonography
87.19.Ff Muscles
87.19.rs Movement
87.19.ru Locomotion
43.80.Vj
43.80.Qf

Time reversal of photoacoustic waves

Emmanuel Bossy, Khalid Daoudi, Albert-Claude Boccara, Mickael Tanter, Jean-François Aubry, Gabriel Montaldo, and Mathias Fink

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 184108 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2382732 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 3 November 2006

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In this work, the authors use the photoacoustic effect to create a source for ultrasonic time-reversal experiments. Photoacoustic waves were generated by an optically absorbing gel sphere excited by a laser pulse in a highly optically diffusive solution and recorded with an ultrasound array controlled by a time-reversal electronics. The emission of the time-reversed photoacoustic waves allowed the refocusing of the ultrasound towards the optical absorber, in particular, in the presence of a strongly acoustically defocusing medium. The authors illustrate how the technique can be applied to perform acoustical imaging in the presence of a strong acoustical aberration.
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Ultrafast time-resolved electron diffraction with megavolt electron beams

J. B. Hastings, F. M. Rudakov, D. H. Dowell, J. F. Schmerge, J. D. Cardoza, J. M. Castro, S. M. Gierman, H. Loos, and P. M. Weber

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 184109 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2372697 (3 pages) | Cited 44 times

Online Publication Date: 3 November 2006

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A rf photocathode electron gun is used as an electron source for ultrafast time-resolved pump-probe electron diffraction. The authors observed single-shot diffraction patterns from a 160 nm Al foil using the 5.4 MeV electron beam from the Gun Test Facility at the Stanford Linear Accelerator. Excellent agreement with simulations suggests that single-shot diffraction experiments with a time resolution approaching 100 fs are possible.
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61.05.J- Electron diffraction and scattering
06.60.Jn High-speed techniques (microsecond to femtosecond)
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