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11 Dec 2006

Volume 89, Issue 24, Articles (24xxxx)

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 242109 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2405843 (3 pages)

Carlo R. da Cunha, Nobuyuki Aoki, Takahiro Morimoto, Yuichi Ochiai, Richard Akis, and David K. Ferry
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Mapping of dopant concentration in a GaAs semiconductor by off-axis phase-shifting electron holography

H. Sasaki, K. Yamamoto, T. Hirayama, S. Ootomo, T. Matsuda, F. Iwase, R. Nakasaki, and H. Ishii

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 244101 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2402907 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 11 December 2006

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This letter presents a method to map dopant concentration in compound semiconductors by off-axis electron holography. Using the microsampling technique of a focused ion beam, the authors prepared a cross sectional test specimen with n+(3.0×1018 cm−3), n−(1.3×1016 cm−3), and p gallium arsenide thin films. A phase map was obtained by off-axis phase-shifting electron holography, and the dopant distributions across a p-n junction are clearly observed. Furthermore, the low and high dopant concentration regions are remarkably distinguished in high contrast.
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61.72.uj III-V and II-VI semiconductors
61.72.S- Impurities in crystals
68.55.Ln Defects and impurities: doping, implantation, distribution, concentration, etc.

One-sample measurement in laser nephelometric immunoassay using magnetic nanoparticles

S. Y. Yang, R. M. Wu, Z. F. Jian, H. E. Horng, Chin-Yih Hong, and H. C. Yang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 244102 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2405409 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 12 December 2006

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In contrast to the type of two-sample measurement used in conventional nephelometric immunoassay, a methodology to achieve a one-sample nephelometric immunoassay is developed in this work. Magnetic nanoparticles instead of latex particles are used as scattering centers. The experimental results show that the sensitivity of assaying avidin or c-reactive protein increased about three times under the action of the magnetic field in nephelometric immunoassay using magnetic nanoparticles.
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87.80.-y Biophysical techniques (research methods)
07.60.-j Optical instruments and equipment
42.62.Be Biological and medical applications
75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems; nanocrystalline materials

Microfluidic model of bubble lodging in microvessel bifurcations

Andrés J. Calderón, Yun Seok Heo, Dongeun Huh, Nobuyuki Futai, Shuichi Takayama, J. Brian Fowlkes, and Joseph L. Bull

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 244103 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2402898 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 12 December 2006

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The lodging mechanisms and dynamics of cardiovascular gas bubbles are investigated in microfluidic model bifurcations made of poly(dimethylsiloxane). This work is motivated by gas embolotherapy for the potential treatment of cancer by tumor infarction. The results show that the critical driving pressure below which a bubble will lodge in a bifurcation is significantly less than the driving pressure required to dislodge it. From the results the authors estimate that gas bubbles from embolotherapy can lodge in vessels 20 μm or smaller in diameter, and conclude that bubbles may potentially be used to reduce blood flow to tumor microcirculation.
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47.55.dd Bubble dynamics
47.61.Fg Flows in micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) and nano-electromechanical systems (NEMS)
47.20.Ky Nonlinearity, bifurcation, and symmetry breaking
47.85.Np Fluidics
47.60.-i Flow phenomena in quasi-one-dimensional systems
47.63.Cb Blood flow in cardiovascular system

Drift correction for scattering measurements

C. Eyraud, J.-M. Geffrin, A. Litman, P. Sabouroux, and H. Giovannini

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 244104 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2404978 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 14 December 2006

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The authors propose a method to correct for drift errors which occur when performing three-dimensional scattering field measurements. This method has the advantages of being fast, without loss of information and with no need of a priori information on the scatterer. It is based on the properties of limited spatial bandwidth of the scattered field.
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41.20.Jb Electromagnetic wave propagation; radiowave propagation

Nanoimprint lithography combined with direct bonding: A possibility to construct quantum dots, wires, and planes in vertical cascade

Jan Haisma

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 244105 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2403932 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 14 December 2006

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Relatively cheap nanoimprint technology, direct bonding, and modern semiconductor technologies create possibilities to constitute single quantum elements: dots, wires, and planes (wells and boxes). These functional elementary specialities can be made up in vertical cascade by subsequent direct bonding. This letter presents three examples of these possibilities. Herein the dots and wires, situated in depth, may finally fulfill a source/memory interplay function while the (quantum) plane may play a detecting/transmitting role. In this sense they might represent a digital elementary cell and that of the smallest achievable level as to a functional (not per se technological) limit of Moore’s law.
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85.40.Hp Lithography, masks and pattern transfer
81.16.Nd Micro- and nanolithography
85.35.Be Quantum well devices (quantum dots, quantum wires, etc.)

Shear wave generation using a spiral electromagnetic acoustic transducer

X. Jian, S. Dixon, I. Baillie, R. S. Edwards, J. Morrison, and Y. Fan

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 244106 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2408644 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 15 December 2006

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A spiral electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) is efficient in eddy current generation and has been used for surface defect inspection using Rayleigh waves or thickness gauging based on plane waves in echo mode. Measured and calculated particle velocities and directivities are presented. It is found that the shear wave is not predominantly a plane wave. It has zero amplitude on the axis of the generation EMAT and has maximum amplitude at the critical angle. The shear wave could be used in the steel industry for both internal and surface defect inspections together with Rayleigh wave.
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