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17 Jul 2006

Volume 89, Issue 3, Articles (03xxxx)

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 031107 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2222329 (3 pages)

Jiaguang Han, Zhiyuan Zhu, Sanith Ray, Abul K. Azad, Weili Zhang, Mingxia He, Shihong Li, and Yiping Zhao
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Relaxation of process induced surface stress in amorphous silicon carbide thin films using low energy ion bombardment

P. Argyrakis, P. McNabb, A. J. Snell, and R. Cheung

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 034101 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2222318 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 17 July 2006

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The surface stress in amorphous silicon carbide (a-SiC) thin films has been modified after processing. We show that low energy argon ion bombardment in an inductively coupled plasma reactor causes relaxation of the induced surface stress. Cantilever beams of variable length (25–150 μm) have been fabricated and their deflection profiles have been compared before and after ion bombardment using white light interferometry. Our experiments show that the ion bombardment relaxes the stress gradient of the cantilever beams. Both the duration of plasma exposure as well as the bias voltage contribute to relaxing the stress gradient in the a-SiC thin film.
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81.05.Gc Amorphous semiconductors
68.35.Gy Mechanical properties; surface strains
61.80.Jh Ion radiation effects
68.47.Fg Semiconductor surfaces
81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity, stress-strain relations
68.60.Bs Mechanical and acoustical properties

Phase-and-amplitude computer tomography

T. E. Gureyev, D. M. Paganin, G. R. Myers, Ya. I. Nesterets, and S. W. Wilkins

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 034102 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2226794 (3 pages) | Cited 29 times

Online Publication Date: 17 July 2006

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A tomographic technique is proposed for reconstruction under specified conditions of the three-dimensional distribution of complex refractive index in a sample from a single projection image per view angle, where the images display both absorption contrast and propagation-induced phase contrast. The algorithm achieves high numerical stability as a consequence of the complementary nature of the absorption and phase contrast transfer functions. The method is pertinent to biomedical imaging and nondestructive testing of samples exhibiting weak absorption contrast.
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42.30.Wb Image reconstruction; tomography
42.30.Lr Modulation and optical transfer functions

Laser-induced surface alloying in PbZr0.5Ti0.5O3 for the generation of thermally conducting lines

T. K. Mandal

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 034103 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2221870 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 18 July 2006

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Thermally conducting paths are fabricated in commercially available lead zirconate titanate, PbZr0.5Ti0.5O3, ceramics by CO2-laser-induced surface modification in it with PbO precoating. Microstructures of the laser-modified surfaces are studied with optical microscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy, and the thermal conductivity is measured by photothermal method. XRD study indicates the retention of tetragonal phase in PbZr0.5Ti0.5O3, after the laser treatment with PbO precoating. Additionally, a second phase of tetragonal PbO develops in PbZr0.5Ti0.5O3 after the laser processing. Thermal conductivity of PbO precoated and laser treated PbZr0.5Ti0.5O3 shows an enhanced value (0.017 W/cm K) in comparison with that with laser treated PbZr0.5Ti0.5O3 (0.011 W/cm K).
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81.65.-b Surface treatments
66.70.-f Nonelectronic thermal conduction and heat-pulse propagation in solids; thermal waves
42.62.-b Laser applications
77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
72.15.Cz Electrical and thermal conduction in amorphous and liquid metals and alloys
81.05.Je Ceramics and refractories (including borides, carbides, hydrides, nitrides, oxides, and silicides)

Microfluidic bypass for efficient passive regulation of droplet traffic at a junction

Galder Cristobal, Jean-Philippe Benoit, Mathieu Joanicot, and Armand Ajdari

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 034104 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2221929 (3 pages) | Cited 30 times

Online Publication Date: 18 July 2006

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We propose a simple design for microfabricated junctions that allows an equal and regular distribution of droplets between the two outlets of a T junction. It relies on establishing a connection between the two outlets shortly after the junction to provide short-time memory to the device and induce perfect alternation in the choice of the outlet. We experimentally demonstrate the benefits of this simple passive device by a direct comparison to junctions without bypasses.
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07.10.Cm Micromechanical devices and systems
47.60.-i Flow phenomena in quasi-one-dimensional systems
47.55.D- Drops and bubbles

Practical realization of Nyquist’s gedanken experiment

Luca Callegaro and Marco Pisani

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 034105 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2222250 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 18 July 2006

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If two noisy electrical dipoles are connected with an electric line, noise power can flow through the line. Such power can be measured, in the audio frequency range, with a wattmeter with spectral display capabilities. If the dipoles are two equal resistors in thermodynamic equilibrium, the power depends exclusively on the temperature difference, giving a differential noise thermometry method. If the dipoles are at the same temperature, but one is out of thermodynamic equilibrium (because of a flowing dc current), noise power depends on excess noise only, and it is possible to measure excess noise far below Johnson noise threshold.
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84.30.-r Electronic circuits
84.32.Ff Conductors, resistors (including thermistors, varistors, and photoresistors)
05.40.Ca Noise

Discrete magnetic microfluidics

Ana Egatz-Gómez, Sonia Melle, Antonio A. García, S. A. Lindsay, M. Márquez, P. Domínguez-García, Miguel A. Rubio, S. T. Picraux, J. L. Taraci, T. Clement, D. Yang, Mark A. Hayes, and Devens Gust

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 034106 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2227517 (3 pages) | Cited 20 times

Online Publication Date: 19 July 2006

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We present a method to move and control drops of water on superhydrophobic surfaces using magnetic fields. Small water drops (volume of 5–35 μl) that contain fractions of paramagnetic particles as low as 0.1% in weight can be moved at relatively high speed (7 cm/s) by displacing a permanent magnet placed below the surface. Coalescence of two drops has been demonstrated by moving a drop that contains paramagnetic particles towards an aqueous drop that was previously pinned to a surface defect. This approach to microfluidics has the advantages of faster and more flexible control over drop movement.
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85.85.+j Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and devices
75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems; nanocrystalline materials
75.20.-g Diamagnetism, paramagnetism, and superparamagnetism

Effects of oxide layer thickness on Si-nanocrystal photoluminescence intensity in Si+-implanted SiO2/Si systems

D. Barba, F. Martin, C. Dahmoune, and G. G. Ross

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 034107 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2234739 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 21 July 2006

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Photoluminescence measurements are used to investigate the light emission of silicon nanocrystals prepared by Si+ implantation into SiO2/Si layered structures. Strong variations of the luminescence intensity are observed as a function of the SiO2 thickness, for laser excitations at 405 and 488 nm. These changes are associated with optical interference which produce spatial modulation of the pump laser intensity and spectral modulation of the PL emission. Model calculations using Fresnel equation solvers where the depth distribution of emitters is adjusted to minimize the difference to the measured PL intensities indicate a wider emitter profile for excitation at 405 nm.
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78.67.Bf Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, and nanoclusters
78.55.Ap Elemental semiconductors
61.46.Hk Nanocrystals
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