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28 Aug 2006

Volume 89, Issue 9, Articles (09xxxx)

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 093101 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2338808 (3 pages)

Nicholas Jabari Lee, Rajiv K. Kalia, Aiichiro Nakano, and Priya Vashishta
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Direct measurement of the domain switching contribution to the dynamic piezoelectric response in ferroelectric ceramics

Jacob L. Jones, Mark Hoffman, John E. Daniels, and Andrew J. Studer

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 092901 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2338756 (3 pages) | Cited 32 times

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2006

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The dynamic piezoelectric response of ferroelectric ceramics is comprised of both intrinsic (piezoelectric lattice strain) and extrinsic (non-180° domain wall motion) components. Here the authors report direct measurements of non-180° domain wall motion in ceramic lead zirconate titanate during application of subcoercive cyclic driving electric fields using an in situ stroboscopic neutron diffraction technique. During unipolar cycling at 1 Hz and half of the coercive field, non-180° domain switching gives rise to approximately 34% of the measured d33 coefficient of 400 pm/V.
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77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
77.80.Fm Switching phenomena
77.80.Dj Domain structure; hysteresis
77.65.-j Piezoelectricity and electromechanical effects

Charge trapping in nitrided HfSiO gate dielectric layers

G. Vellianitis, Z. M. Rittersma, and J. Pétry

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 092902 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2339049 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2006

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The effects of HfSiO nitridation on charge trapping and long-term dielectric reliability are investigated. A comparison between decoupled plasma nitridation, annealing in NH3, and no nitridation is made. It was found that thinner HfSiO layers show less trapped charge. Decoupled plasma nitridation resulted always in a larger hysteresis in the characteristics. A common behavior in all samples was seen at elevated temperatures, which corresponds to lower trapped charge and higher leakage current. Dependence between the trapped charge and the leakage current changes with temperature was established.
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85.30.Tv Field effect devices
81.65.Lp Surface hardening: nitridation, carburization, carbonitridation
61.72.Cc Kinetics of defect formation and annealing
52.77.-j Plasma applications

Single crystal x-ray diffraction of lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate in the transmission mode

Alp Sehirlioglu, David A. Payne, Scott R. Wilson, and Pengdi Han

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 092903 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2340108 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2006

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0.7Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.3PbTiO3 single crystals were examined by single crystal x-ray diffraction in the transmission mode, and a superlattice was revealed with a doubling of the unit cell in all three directions, giving a cell volume eight times that of a traditional perovskite unit cell. The significance of the superlattice peaks increased with poling, indicating a structural contribution to ordering. Lack of such observations by electron diffraction in the transmission electron microscope examinations suggests the presence of a bulk effect.
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68.65.Cd Superlattices
77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization
77.65.-j Piezoelectricity and electromechanical effects
77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
68.37.Lp Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

Thermal conductivity of SrBi2Nb2O9 ferroelectric thin films

M. O. Boffoué, A. Jacquot, J.-R. Duclère, M. Guilloux-Viry, J. Hejtmanek, A. Dauscher, and B. Lenoir

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 092904 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2335817 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 29 August 2006

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Ferroelectric Aurivillius SrBi2Nb2O9 films of different thicknesses were prepared on Si(100) substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The films are polycrystalline and exhibit an increased grain size with film thickness. The cross-plane thermal conductivity of such SrBi2Nb2O9 films was measured in the 100–300 K temperature range by the 3ω method and it was observed that the thermal properties of this family of ferroelectric materials show a glasslike behavior. The measurements performed on a polycrystalline bulk SrBi2Nb2O9 sample, in the 10–300 K temperature range, led to identical conclusions. The origin of this unexpected glasslike behavior is discussed.
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77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
77.55.-g Dielectric thin films
66.70.-f Nonelectronic thermal conduction and heat-pulse propagation in solids; thermal waves
77.80.-e Ferroelectricity and antiferroelectricity
81.15.Fg Pulsed laser ablation deposition

Structural evidence for enhanced polarization in a commensurate short-period BaTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattice

W. Tian, J. C. Jiang, X. Q. Pan, J. H. Haeni, Y. L. Li, L. Q. Chen, D. G. Schlom, J. B. Neaton, K. M. Rabe, and Q. X. Jia

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 092905 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2335367 (3 pages) | Cited 28 times

Online Publication Date: 29 August 2006

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A short-period (BaTiO3)6/(SrTiO3)5 superlattice was characterized by x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The superlattice is epitaxially oriented with the c axes of BaTiO3 and SrTiO3 normal to the (001) surface of the SrTiO3 substrate. Despite the large in-plane lattice mismatch between BaTiO3 and SrTiO3 ( ∼ 2.2%), the superlattice interfaces were found to be nearly commensurate. The crystallographic c/a ratio of the superlattice was measured and the results agree quantitatively with first-principles calculations and phase-field modeling. The agreement supports the validity of the enhanced spontaneous polarization predicted for short-period BaTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattices.
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77.55.-g Dielectric thin films
68.65.Cd Superlattices
77.80.-e Ferroelectricity and antiferroelectricity
77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization

Study of domain boundary polarization in (111)-cut [Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3]0.7(PbTiO3)0.3 single crystal by piezoresponse force microscopy

K. S. Wong, X. Zhao, J. Y. Dai, C. L. Choy, X. Y. Zhao, and H. S. Luo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 092906 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2339038 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 30 August 2006

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Ferroelectric domain structure, especially the domain boundary polarization, in as-grown and poled (111)-cut PMN-30%PT single crystal has been studied by means of out-of-plane and in-plane piezoresponse force microscopies (PFMs). It revealed that the as-grown sample exhibits speckle-shaped microdomains, and the domain number distribution decreases exponentially as the domain size increases which can be described by the random field Ising model; in contrast, the poled sample shows stripe-shaped domains. Capacitive force-free PFM revealed a detailed domain boundary characteristic with net in-plane polarization. The presence of the in-plane polarization at the domain boundary also suggests the existence of orthorhombic phase in the rhombohedral matrix.
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77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
77.80.Dj Domain structure; hysteresis
77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization
77.65.-j Piezoelectricity and electromechanical effects

Surface charge retention and enhanced polarization effect on ferroelectric thin films

J. Y. Son, K. Kyhm, and J. H. Cho

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 092907 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2339045 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 30 August 2006

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The authors report surface charge retention and enhanced ferroelectric polarization effect on ferroelectric thin films by Kelvin probe force microscope (KFM). Since high electric field is induced at scanning probe microscope tip during domain switching and the sign of surface charge induced by this high electric field is always opposite to the sign of induced ferroelectric polarization charge, the surface potential of the KFM signal exhibits the relative potential difference between the potential of the ferroelectric polarization charge and the potential of the surface charge. After the discharge process of surface charge, the enhanced contribution from the ferroelectric polarization charge was observed. Similarly, the reduction of surface charge was observed as time passed and the surface potential indicating the ferroelectric polarization charge was enhanced due to this retention property of surface charge.
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77.55.-g Dielectric thin films
77.80.Dj Domain structure; hysteresis
77.80.Fm Switching phenomena
77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization
85.50.Gk Non-volatile ferroelectric memories

In situ transmission electron microscopy study of electric-field-induced 90° domain switching in BaTiO3 single crystals

X. Y. Qi, H. H. Liu, and X. F. Duan

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 092908 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2345231 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 30 August 2006

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The 90° domain switching in single crystalline BaTiO3 under an external static electric field has been investigated by in situ transmission electron microscopy using a special homemade transmission electron microscope stage. With the initial domains gradually disappearing, new domains that are 90° away from the initial ones are observed to occur with polarizations being switched to the direction of the external electric field, and domain boundaries being changed from ⟨101⟩ to 〈math01〉 in order to maintain a “head-to-tail” arrangement.
Show PACS
77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
77.80.Dj Domain structure; hysteresis
68.37.Lp Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization
77.80.Fm Switching phenomena

Role of long-range elastic energy in relaxor ferroelectrics

L. F. Wang and J.-M. Liu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 092909 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2337004 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 31 August 2006

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The dipole configuration of relaxor ferroelectrics (RFs) is investigated by numerically solving the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau equation based on the dipole defect model. The domain structure of RFs is revealed to consist of dipole ordered clusters embedded in the paraelectric matrix. We demonstrate that the role of long-range elastic energy in RFs is much less important than in normal ferroelectrics, although the shape of the dipole clusters depends on the elastic energy. Based on the numerical results, a phase diagram of temperature-defect density for RFs is constructed, which identifies four distinct phase regimes.
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77.80.Dj Domain structure; hysteresis
62.20.D- Elasticity
81.30.Dz Phase diagrams of other materials
81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity, stress-strain relations

Sol-gel derived multiferroic BiFeO3 ceramics with large polarization and weak ferromagnetism

F. Chen, Q. F. Zhang, J. H. Li, Y. J. Qi, C. J. Lu, X. B. Chen, X. M. Ren, and Y. Zhao

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 092910 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2345603 (3 pages) | Cited 29 times

Online Publication Date: 1 September 2006

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Insulating BiFeO3 ceramics of single perovskite phase were prepared by rapid sintering using sol-gel derived fine powders. The ceramics are dense and consist of grains of 2–6 μm in diameter. Their leakage current density remains lower than 3.02×10−4 A/cm2 under the poling field below 119 kV/cm. The main conduction mechanism from 15 to 119 kV/cm is space-charge-limited current relating to oxygen vacancies. The ceramics exhibit a saturated ferroelectric hysteresis loop with a large remanent polarization (2Pr = 56 μC/cm2) under the applied field of 180 kV/cm. Weak ferromagnetism with remanent magnetization of 1.5×10−5μB/Fe is observed at 10 K.
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77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
75.50.Ee Antiferromagnetics
75.30.-m Intrinsic properties of magnetically ordered materials
61.72.J- Point defects and defect clusters
72.20.Ht High-field and nonlinear effects
77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization
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