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28 Aug 2006

Volume 89, Issue 9, Articles (09xxxx)

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 093101 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2338808 (3 pages)

Nicholas Jabari Lee, Rajiv K. Kalia, Aiichiro Nakano, and Priya Vashishta
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Critical conditions for the wetting of soils

Neil J. Shirtcliffe, Glen McHale, Michael I. Newton, F. Brian Pyatt, and Stefan H. Doerr

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 094101 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2339072 (3 pages) | Cited 19 times

Online Publication Date: 28 August 2006

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The wettability of soil is of great importance for plants and soil biota and in determining whether flooding and soil erosion will occur. The analysis used in common measurements of soil hydrophobicity makes the assumption that water always enters soils if the average contact angle between the soil and water is 90° or lower; these tests have been used for decades. The authors show theoretically and experimentally that water cannot enter many soils unless the contact angle is considerably lower than this, down to approximately 50°. This difference generates serious errors in determining and modeling soil wetting behavior.
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92.40.Gc Erosion and sedimentation; sediment transport
91.60.-x Physical properties of rocks and minerals

Alternating current flow in internally flawed conductors: A tomographic analysis

H. Saguy and D. Rittel

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 094102 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2338655 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 29 August 2006

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The alternating current potential drop technique is a nondestructive testing method that is mostly applied to estimate the depth of surface breaking flaws (e.g., cracks) in metallic conductors. When the flaw is hidden (internal or bottom cracks), other techniques (e.g., radiographic) must be used, which may only provide limited information on the location and dimensions of the hidden flaw. This work presents a detailed numerical analysis of ac flow in internally flawed conductors. The results can be used to reveal and estimate the dimensions and location of hidden flaws.
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84.32.Ff Conductors, resistors (including thermistors, varistors, and photoresistors)
81.70.Tx Computed tomography
81.40.Np Fatigue, corrosion fatigue, embrittlement, cracking, fracture, and failure
72.15.-v Electronic conduction in metals and alloys
62.20.M- Structural failure of materials

Exchange biased spin polarizer with an embedded nano-oxide layer for a substantially lower switching current density

Hoang Yen Thi Nguyen, Hyunjung Yi, Sung-Jung Joo, Kyung-Ho Shin, Kyung-Jin Lee, and Bernard Dieny

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 094103 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2337532 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 29 August 2006

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The authors demonstrate that the spin polarizer in the form of an exchange biased ferromagnetic lead with an embedded nano-oxide layer can greatly enhance the spin transfer torque for the current induced magnetization switching. By applying it in spin valves, the switching current density (4×106 A/cm2) is one order lower and the resistance change (2.78 mΩ μm2) is three times higher than those gotten by using a simple spin polarizer. This spin torque enhancement is attributed to the exchange bias pinning acting on the polarizer (the fixed layer) with effective support of the nano-oxide layer, which together lead to a much higher current spin polarization.
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75.70.Cn Magnetic properties of interfaces (multilayers, superlattices, heterostructures)
75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects
75.30.Et Exchange and superexchange interactions
72.25.Mk Spin transport through interfaces
75.47.Pq Other materials

Exciton transitions in tetrapod-shaped CdTe nanocrystals investigated by photomodulated transmittance spectroscopy

Davide Tarì, Milena De Giorgi, Pier Paolo Pompa, Luigi Carbone, Liberato Manna, Stefan Kudera, and Roberto Cingolani

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 094104 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2335801 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 30 August 2006

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The excitonic nature of the optical transitions in tetrapod-shaped colloidal CdTe nanocrystals is assessed by means of photomodulated transmittance spectroscopy. The line-shape analysis of the photomodulation transmittance spectra indicates the photoinduced Stark effect as the dominant modulation mechanism, and the presence of excitonic transitions even at room temperature, with an exciton binding energy of about 25 meV, larger than the bulk value.
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71.35.-y Excitons and related phenomena
78.67.Bf Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, and nanoclusters
71.70.Ej Spin-orbit coupling, Zeeman and Stark splitting, Jahn-Teller effect
78.20.Jq Electro-optical effects

Localization of pointlike scatterers in solids with subwavelength resolution

F. Simonetti

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 094105 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2338888 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 30 August 2006

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The possibility of improving the resolution of current subsurface imaging technology, based on elastic wave probing, is investigated. It is demonstrated that in the case of pointlike scatterer localization, super-resolution methods developed for scalar wave probing can also be applied to elastic waves. An experiment performed on a steel specimen with two through thickness parallel holes demonstrates a subwavelength resolution which is more than 2.5 times higher than that predicted by the Rayleigh criterion.
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Reduction of ultrasound inertial cavitation threshold using bifrequency excitation

Bruno Gilles, Jean Christophe Béra, Jean Louis Mestas, and Dominique Cathignol

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 094106 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2345230 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 30 August 2006

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Within the scope of an application to transcutaneous ultrasonic thrombolysis, this study compares inertial cavitation thresholds obtained at the focus of a transducer for two types of ultrasonic excitations: a classical one frequency signal and an excitation combining two slightly different frequencies. A cepstral filtering method is used to measure inertial cavitation activity for these signals. A 30% reduction of the threshold is observed when using bifrequency excitation.
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87.50.yt Therapeutic applications
47.55.dp Cavitation and boiling

One-particle microrheology at liquid-liquid interfaces

Jian Wu and Lenore L. Dai

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 094107 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2344937 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 31 August 2006

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The authors use Pickering emulsions as a model system to investigate the dynamics of charged microparticles at polydimethylsiloxane (oil)-water interfaces using confocal laser scanning microscopy. More importantly, they have explored the potential of developing one-particle microrheology at liquid-liquid interfaces. The complex, loss, and storage moduli of oil-water interfaces as a function of frequency measured from microrheology are compared with those of bulk oils measured from a conventional rheometer and developed bulk microrheology. The nature of the tracer particles plays an important role in one-particle microrheology at liquid-liquid interfaces.
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82.70.Kj Emulsions and suspensions
47.57.Qk Rheological aspects
62.10.+s Mechanical properties of liquids

Icositetrahedral and icosahedral atomic configurations observed in the Nb–Ag metallic glasses synthesized by ion beam mixing

K. P. Tai, N. Gao, X. D. Dai, J. H. Li, W. S. Lai, and B. X. Liu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 094108 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2345041 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 31 August 2006

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Metallic glasses are obtained in an immiscible Nb–Ag system by ion beam mixing and an atomic configuration in the amorphous structure is discovered, i.e., an icositetrahedral ordering, which, together with an icosahedral ordering also observed in the Nb–Ag metallic glasses and in some previously reported systems, helps in formulating a structural spectrum of the amorphous solids. The experimental characterization and atomistic modeling with an ab initio derived Nb–Ag potential demonstrate the significance of structural heredity, i.e., the crystalline structures of the constituent metals play a decisive role in determining the atomic structure of the metallic glasses in the system.
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61.43.Fs Glasses
81.05.Kf Glasses (including metallic glasses)
61.80.Jh Ion radiation effects
61.66.Fn Inorganic compounds

T-shaped microcantilever sensor with reduced deflection offset

J. A. Plaza, K. Zinoviev, G. Villanueva, M. Álvarez, J. Tamayo, C. Domínguez, and L. M. Lechuga

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 094109 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2345234 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 31 August 2006

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The authors have designed and fabricated arrays of microcantilevers with a geometry that shows reduced initial angular offset and angle deviation between the cantilevers of the array. This feature allows to detect the displacement of the cantilevers using the optical beam deflection technique and a single split photodetector. The structure is analytically and numerically simulated to demonstrate its feasibility. In addition, experimental measurements of the angle offset corroborate the offset and the angle deviation reduction. Finally, they illustrate the potential of these micromechanical structures as sensors by measuring a monolayer of single stranded DNA.
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07.10.Cm Micromechanical devices and systems
07.07.Df Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing
42.79.Pw Imaging detectors and sensors
06.30.Bp Spatial dimensions (e.g., position, lengths, volume, angles, and displacements)
87.80.-y Biophysical techniques (research methods)
87.14.G- Nucleic acids

Dosimetric characteristics of LiF:Mg,Cu,Si thermoluminescent materials

J. I. Lee, J. S. Yang, J. L. Kim, A. S. Pradhan, J. D. Lee, K. S. Chung, and H. S. Choe

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 094110 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2345280 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 1 September 2006

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Dosimetric characteristics of LiF:Mg,Cu,Si thermoluminescent (TL) material developed at KAERI have been investigated and compared with those of commercially available LiF:Mg,Cu,P (GR-200A). LiF:Mg,Cu,Si thermoluminescence dosimeter (TLD) can be heated up to 573 K without any loss of TL sensitivity or any change in the glow curve structure. High-temperature glow peak in LiF:Mg,Cu,Si is significantly lower than that in GR-200A, consequently the residual signal is only 0.025%, which is about 35 times less than that of GR-200A. The TL sensitivity of the LiF:Mg,Cu,Si TLD is about 55 and 1.1 times higher than those of the LiF:Mg,Ti (TLD-100) and GR-200A, respectively.
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78.60.Kn Thermoluminescence
42.70.-a Optical materials
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments
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