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15 Aug 1966

Volume 9, Issue 4, pp. 135-178


ACOUSTIC ATTENUATION OF A SINGLE‐DOMAIN LITHIUM NIOBATE CRYSTAL AT MICROWAVE FREQUENCIES

C. P. Wen and R. F. Mayo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 9, 135 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754679 (2 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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The pulse echo technique is employed to measure the acoustic wave attenuation along the c axis of a single‐domain lithium niobate crystal at room temperature up to c band frequencies. Initial experiments show that the frequency dependence of the attenuation is nearly quadratic as predicted by theory. Approximately 13 dB of loss per μsec of time delay is observed at 5.5 GHz. The relatively low‐loss characteristics, coupled with the self‐transduction properties, make lithium niobate a leading candidate for microwave room‐temperature delay line applications.

SIMULATION OF SORET ZONE PLATE BY A SYSTEM OF LONGITUDINALLY DISTRIBUTED CO‐AXIAL APERTURES

Réal Tremblay and Manoranjan De

Appl. Phys. Lett. 9, 136 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754680 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

OBSERVATION OF INTERFACIAL DISLOCATIONS IN THIN (100) AND (111) ELECTRODEPOSITS OF NICKEL ON COPPER

Earl R. Thompson and Kenneth R. Lawless

Appl. Phys. Lett. 9, 138 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754681 (3 pages) | Cited 19 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Bicrystal metal films were prepared by electrodeposition of nickel on evaporated, single‐crystal copper films. Electron microscopic examination of the bicrystal films revealed interfacial dislocations which aid in reducing the misfit strain between the crystals. In both (100) and (111) bicrystals, misfit dislocations, aligned in <110> directions, were observed with Burgers vectors not contained in the interfacial plane. Glide of pre‐existing or surface nucleated dislocations is suggested as the method by which this type of misfit dislocation is produced.

SWITCHING AND LOW‐FIELD BREAKDOWN IN n‐GaAs BULK DIODES

John A. Copeland

Appl. Phys. Lett. 9, 140 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754682 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Switching effects have been observed in the current vs voltage curves of n‐type GaAs diodes with resistivities between 0.3 and 5 Ω‐cm. After switching, the diodes go into a constant‐voltage avalanche breakdown state with a sustaining field of 4500 V∕cm. These effects are attributed to a peak in the hole generation rate α between 3,000 and 10,000 V∕cm caused by high energy electrons in the (000) valley of the conduction band.

INTERACTION OF LINEARLY AND CIRCULARLY POLARIZED FIELDS IN A LASER AMPLIFIER WITH AN AXIAL MAGNETIC FIELD

Andrew Dienes

Appl. Phys. Lett. 9, 142 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754683 (4 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

HIGH‐RESISTIVITY p‐TYPE CADMIUM SULFIDE

Fred Chernow, Eric Courtens, Mark Douma, and Larry Goodman

Appl. Phys. Lett. 9, 145 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754684 (2 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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p‐Type conductivity and stored electron charge densities as large as 1.3 × 10−7 coul∕cm2 have been observed in high‐resistivity CdS crystals. These properties were studied by photovoltaic, photopolarization, and thermo‐electric power measurements.

THE MAGNETOSTRICTION OF SILICON‐DOPED YTTRIUM IRON GARNET (YIG)

J. F. Dillon, E. M. Gyorgy, and J. P. Remeika

Appl. Phys. Lett. 9, 147 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754685 (2 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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The magnetostriction constants λ100 and λ111 have been measured at room temperature for YIG single crystals in which a small fraction of the iron ions are replaced by silicon. The magnetically active impurity is believed to be divalent iron which compensates the Si4+. As the silicon concentration reaches about 0.05 Si atoms∕Y3Fe5O12, both λ's pass through zero. In crystals of this composition the magnetization is largely decoupled from the strain distribution in the crystal. A peak in low‐frequency permeability and simple easily interpreted domain structures correspond to this λ = 0 composition.

THE USE OF VACUUM‐EVAPORATED GOLD FILMS TO INVESTIGATE THE OXIDATION MECHANISM OF METALS

J. P. Foster and R. J. Reynik

Appl. Phys. Lett. 9, 148 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754686 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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See Also: Erratum

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Vacuum‐evaporated gold films were used as inert markers to study the oxidation mechanism of cobalt at 850°C. Gold‐marked and unmarked specimens were simultaneously oxidized for 138 hr. With the exception of the gold marker appearing as a dispersed row of spheriods within the CoO layer closest to the metal‐oxide interface, and the random distribution of voids in the specimens, the microstructures of the gold‐marked and unmarked specimens were identical, and are in agreement with microstructures reported in the literature.

DIRECT SPECTROSCOPIC DETECTION OF RUBY LASER GIANT PULSE OFF‐AXIAL MODE STRUCTURE

Daniel J. Bradley, Malcolm S. Engwell, A. W. McCullough, George Magyar, and Martin C. Richardson

Appl. Phys. Lett. 9, 150 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754687 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

THERMOELECTRIC CYCLOTRON RESONANCE IN SEMICONDUCTORS

P. D. Fisher and Peter E. Wagner

Appl. Phys. Lett. 9, 153 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754688 (2 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

ELASTIC WAVE ATTENUATION IN LITHIUM NIOBATE

M. I. Grace, R. W. Kedzie, M. Kestigian, and A. B. Smith

Appl. Phys. Lett. 9, 155 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754689 (2 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

BRILLOUIN SCATTERING SPECTRA OF CRYSTALLINE QUARTZ, FUSED QUARTZ AND GLASS

Stephen M. Shapiro, Robert W. Gammon, and Herman Z. Cummins

Appl. Phys. Lett. 9, 157 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754690 (3 pages) | Cited 18 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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The Brillouin scattering spectra of crystalline quartz, fused quartz and Pyrex glass have been observed. The crystalline quartz spectrum contains three doublets corresponding to one longitudinal and two transverse acoustic modes, whereas the spectra of used quartz and Pyrex glass have one longitudinal and one transverse component each, as is expected for isotropic solids. From the lack of observable broadening of any of the Brillouin components, it is concluded that the room temperature attenuation coefficient α of both longitudinal and transverse phonons at 10 to 20 Gc is less than 103 cm−1.

DEMONSTRATION OF X‐RAY DIFFRACTION BY LiF USING THE Mn Kα X RAYS RESULTING FROM 55Fe DECAY

Luther E. Preuss, William S. Toothacker, and Claudius K. Bugenis

Appl. Phys. Lett. 9, 159 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754691 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Mn K x rays from 55Fe were diffracted with detectable intensity by NaCl and LiF powder. A special diffractometer incorporating a 100‐mc 55Fe linear source (1.5 mm × 10 mm) was used. Theoretical diffraction efficiency is about 10−5 (on the NaCl 200 plane). Diffractometer geometry provided 10−1 to 101 photons per min at the detector. This order of intensity was observed with a proportional counter, linear pulse amplifiers, and a multichannel analyzer. The three most intense beams of LiF (θ = 20° to 55°) were clearly demonstrated.

FARADAY UNIPOLAR INDUCTION IN A NONIDEAL TYPE II SUPERCONDUCTOR

M. A. R. LeBlanc and E. L. Fletcher

Appl. Phys. Lett. 9, 161 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754692 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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A Faraday unipolar inductor using a solid cylinder of a nonideal type II superconductor (unannealed Nb) constitutes a zero internal impedance generator capable of supplying appreciable electrical power and permits continuous study of the behavior of the average internal magnetic field vs the applied field. The various contributions to the observed emf are discussed in terms of the relativistic interpretation of Faraday unipolar induction.

TIME AND SPATIALLY RESOLVED INTERFEROMETRY ON PULSED‐LASER‐INDUCED PLASMAS

C. W. Bruce, J. Deacon, and D. F. Vonderhaar

Appl. Phys. Lett. 9, 164 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754693 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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A technique is described for the measurement of plasma density. Multiple beam interferometry gives simultaneous time and position information on the state of the laser‐induced plasma. Experiments using a single interferometric probe at various distances from the target surface along the incident laser axis indicates that the leading edge of the blowoff absorbs a portion of the incident energy and hence additional fringe shifts are observed.

SUBNANOSECOND PAIR‐TUNNELING TO SINGLE‐PARTICLE TUNNELING TRANSITIONS IN JOSEPHSON JUNCTIONS

J. Matisoo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 9, 167 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754694 (2 pages) | Cited 20 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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This Letter reports the measurement of an upper bound of 0.8 nsec for the time of transition of Sn☒SnOx☒Sn Josephson junctions from the pair tunneling (V = 0) to the single‐particle tunneling state (V = 2Δ: 1mV at 1.7°K). The threshold is extremely sharp. There is no observed delay in the transition after the threshold is exceeded, and there is no change in the observed risetime of the signal with changes in driving current amplitude or risetime. The magnetic field behavior of these junctions is the same as that observed in the dc case. The combination of high speed, sharp threshold, and strong magnetic field dependence are desirable properties for logic elements.

TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF FERROELECTRIC LiNbO3 AND LiTaO3

R. C. Miller and A. Savage

Appl. Phys. Lett. 9, 169 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754695 (3 pages) | Cited 55 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Linear and nonlinear optical investigations of LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 from room temperature to temperatures above their ferroelectric phase transitions are described. The measurements include studies of second harmonic generation with an Nd laser (1.06 μ) and determinations of the refractive indices as well as the birefringence at 0.6328 μ. All the optical data exhibit distinct changes at the Curie temperatures, Tc = 1195°C ± 15°C for LiNbO3, and Tc = 610°C ± 10°C for LiTaO3. In each case the phase change has the characteristics of a second‐order ferroelectric transition. The uniaxial paraelectric phases are concluded to be centrosymmetric — probably space group Rmathc.

LOW‐ENERGY BOMBARDMENT OF GOLD WITH GOLD IONS: ON INTERSTITIAL ATOM MIGRATION IN STAGE III

L. E. Thomas and R. W. Balluffi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 9, 171 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754696 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Abstract Unavailable

COMPETITION, HYSTERESIS AND REACTIVE Q‐SWITCHING IN CO2 LASERS AT 10.6 MICRONS

T. J. Bridges

Appl. Phys. Lett. 9, 174 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754697 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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High repetition rate (30–60 kc∕sec) Q‐switching in a CO2 laser at 10.6μ is reported. A moving mirror technique using steady mirror velocities between 16 and 30 cm∕sec produces one pulse of the strongest line (P(20)) per half wavelength of travel. The usable pulsing rate is determined by, and is a measure of, the lower laser level lifetime (∼30 μsec). In a 1‐W CW laser, peak powers ≈ 30 W with pulse lengths ≈ 1 μsec and average power ≈ CW power were obtained. This and related competition and hysteresis effects result from strong coupling between the lines of the vibrational‐rotational spectrum due to thermalizing molecular collisions.

EVIDENCE FOR ELASTIC STRAIN IN EPITAXIALLY GROWN NUCLEI ON SINGLE‐CRYSTAL SUBSTRATES

W. A. Jesser, J. W. Matthews, and D. Kuhlmann‐Wilsdorf

Appl. Phys. Lett. 9, 176 (1966); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754698 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Abstract Unavailable
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