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5 Mar 2007

Volume 90, Issue 10, Articles (10xxxx)

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 101901 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2712772 (3 pages)

S. N. Yi, Jong H. Na, Kwan H. Lee, Anas F. Jarjour, Robert A. Taylor, Y. S. Park, T. W. Kang, S. Kim, D. H. Ha, G. Andrew, and D. Briggs
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Effect of growth catalysts on gas sensitivity in carbon nanotube film based chemiresistive sensors

M. Penza, G. Cassano, R. Rossi, A. Rizzo, M. A. Signore, M. Alvisi, N. Lisi, E. Serra, and R. Giorgi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 103101 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2456258 (3 pages) | Cited 25 times

Online Publication Date: 5 March 2007

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Multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) films have been deposited by using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) system onto Cr–Au patterned alumina substrates for NO2 and NH3 gas sensing applications, at operating temperature of 200 °C. Nanoclusters of different MWCNT-growth catalysts (Fe and Co) have been predeposited onto substrates to promote the growth of the carbon nanotube films with different structural properties. It is demonstrated that the gas sensitivity of the MWCNT films depends on catalyst used for their growth with highest gas sensitivity achieved for Co-grown MWCNT films. The chemiresistor gas response is attributed to the p-type conductivity in semiconducting MWCNTs and the electrical charge transfer is found to be the major sensing mechanism. The results obtained demonstrate that the MWCNT-based sensors exhibit high gas sensitivity, fast response and reversibility, good repeatability and reproducibility, and sub-ppm range detection limit with the gas sensing properties of the MWCNT films tailored by catalyst employed in the PECVD growth process.
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85.35.Kt Nanotube devices
85.30.-z Semiconductor devices
07.07.Df Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing

Photon-induced conduction modulation in SiO2 thin films embedded with Ge nanocrystals

L. Ding, T. P. Chen, M. Yang, J. I. Wong, Y. Liu, S. F. Yu, F. R. Zhu, M. C. Tan, S. Fung, C. H. Tung, and A. D. Trigg

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 103102 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2711198 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 6 March 2007

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The authors report the photon-induced conduction modulation in SiO2 thin films embedded with germanium nanocrystals (nc-Ge). The conduction of the oxide could be switched to a higher- or lower-conductance state by a ultraviolet (UV) illumination. The conduction modulation is caused by charging and discharging in the nc-Ge due to the UV illumination. If the charging process is dominant, the oxide conductance is reduced; however, if the discharging process is dominant, the oxide conductance is increased. As the conduction can be modulated by UV illumination, it could have potential applications in silicon-based optical memory devices.
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73.40.Qv Metal-insulator-semiconductor structures (including semiconductor-to-insulator)
61.80.Ba Ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation effects (including laser radiation)
73.50.Pz Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects
73.61.Ng Insulators

Modified photoluminescence properties of rare-earth complex/polymer composite fibers prepared by electrospinning

Hui Zhang, Hongwei Song, Hongquan Yu, Suwen Li, Xue Bai, Guohui Pan, Qilin Dai, Tie Wang, Wenlian Li, Shaozhe Lu, Xinguang Ren, Haifeng Zhao, and Xianggui Kong

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 103103 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2711380 (3 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 6 March 2007

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Efficiently luminescent composite fibers of poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (Mw ≈ 1 300 000) and europium complex Eu(TTA)3(TPPO)2 (TTA is thenoyltrifluoroacetone; TPPO is triphenylphosphine oxide) were prepared by electrospinning, with average diameters of 200–500 nm and lengths of several tens of micrometers. Their photoluminescence properties were studied in comparison to the pure Eu(TTA)3(TPPO)2 complex. It was significant to observe that the thermal stability of photoluminescence in the composite fibers was improved considerably over the pure complex.
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78.55.Kz Solid organic materials
81.20.-n Methods of materials synthesis and materials processing

Effects of Al content on the electrical properties of LaxAlyOz films grown on TiN substrate by atomic layer deposition

Su Young Kim, Hyuk Kwon, Sang Jin Jo, Jeong Sook Ha, Won Tae Park, Dong Kyun Kang, and Byong-Ho Kim

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 103104 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2709951 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 6 March 2007

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The effects of Al content on the electrical properties of LaxAlyOz films grown on TiN substrate by atomic layer deposition technique were investigated. With increasing Al content, the leakage current characteristics improved, but the dielectric constant became smaller. Postannealing of the films at temperatures up to 500 °C reduced the leakage current density due to thermal stabilization by the addition of Al. For the 25-nm-thick La2.4AlO3.3 film, the authors obtained a dielectric constant of 22 and a leakage current density of 10−7 A/cm2 at 1 V after postannealing at 450 °C, which gives an equivalent oxide thickness of 3.8 nm.
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81.15.-z Methods of deposition of films and coatings; film growth and epitaxy
68.55.A- Nucleation and growth
77.22.Ch Permittivity (dielectric function)
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments
77.55.-g Dielectric thin films
77.84.Bw Elements, oxides, nitrides, borides, carbides, chalcogenides, etc.

Self-assembled magnetic nanowire arrays

Ming Liu, Jalal Lagdani, Hassan Imrane, Carl Pettiford, Jing Lou, Soak Yoon, Vincent G. Harris, Carmine Vittoria, and Nian. X Sun

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 103105 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2711522 (3 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 6 March 2007

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Different self-assembled magnetic nanowire arrays were achieved with ∼ 100% trapping rate on templates with nanomagnet arrays under a low external magnetic field ( ∼ 10 Oe). The principles of magnetic charge matching and dimension matching between the magnetic nanowires to be assembled and the gaps between two nanomagnets were proposed and demonstrated to be crucial for achieving low magnetostatic energy and high trapping rate. This templated self-assembly technique and the proposed template design principles have great potential for nanomanufacturing of regular arrays of magnetic nanostructures.
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81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
81.16.Dn Self-assembly
75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects
61.46.Hk Nanocrystals
75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems; nanocrystalline materials

Velocity controlled anodization nanolithography with an atomic force microscope using Faradaic current feedback

Matthew S. Johannes, Daniel G. Cole, and Robert L. Clark

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 103106 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2711377 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 7 March 2007

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A technique, called velocity controlled anodization nanolithography, is presented that ensures line continuity during atomic force microscope based local anodic oxidation on silicon. Spontaneous current spikes disrupt the generation of uniform silicon oxide patterns during lithography at low humidity. Varying the translational speed during lithography in response to the current fluctuations enables the formation of a more complete and continuous oxide layer. The velocity corrections as a result of control are able to maintain constant current flow through the tip-sample interface. The authors demonstrate that this method is effective for in situ quality control.
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81.16.Nd Micro- and nanolithography
81.65.Mq Oxidation
07.79.Lh Atomic force microscopes

Tuning optical band gap of vertically aligned ZnO nanowire arrays grown by homoepitaxial electrodeposition

Savarimuthu Philip Anthony, Jeong In Lee, and Jin Kon Kim

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 103107 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2711419 (3 pages) | Cited 32 times

Online Publication Date: 7 March 2007

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Vertically aligned ZnO nanowire arrays are grown homoepitaxially on the ZnO seeded indium tin oxide substrate by electrochemical deposition from aqueous solution at low temperature (70 °C) without using any template. ZnO nanowires exhibit single crystalline, wurtzite crystal structure determined by transmission electron microscopy and powder x-ray diffraction. The ZnO nanowire arrays show high transmittance in the visible wavelengths. Interestingly, the optical band gap of the ZnO nanowire arrays has been tuned by simply changing zinc salts in the electrodeposition from aqueous solution.
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81.05.Dz II-VI semiconductors
81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
78.67.Bf Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, and nanoclusters
81.15.Pq Electrodeposition, electroplating
61.46.Hk Nanocrystals
61.66.Fn Inorganic compounds

Magnetically assembled carbon nanotube tipped pipettes

J. R. Freedman, D. Mattia, G. Korneva, Y. Gogotsi, G. Friedman, and A. K. Fontecchio

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 103108 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2711521 (3 pages) | Cited 30 times

Online Publication Date: 7 March 2007

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The authors have developed a biological probe at the nanoscale with a magnetic carbon nanotube (mCNT) tip that has the ability to transfer fluids. Fabrication is performed by injection of mCNTs into micropipettes, which are then positioned as probe tips via magnetophoresis, and affixed with polymeric adhesive. In this letter the authors discuss the magnetic fabrication process and demonstrate the versatility of this probe.
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87.80.-y Biophysical techniques (research methods)
81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing

Electrochemical route to the synthesis of ultrathin ZnO nanorod/nanobelt arrays on zinc substrate

Jinhu Yang, Guangming Liu, Jun Lu, Yongfu Qiu, and Shihe Yang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 103109 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2711532 (3 pages) | Cited 27 times

Online Publication Date: 7 March 2007

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An electrochemical route has been developed for the synthesis of highly ordered ZnO ultrathin nanorod and hierarchical nanobelt arrays on zinc substrate. A H2 gas sensor based on the ZnO nanobelt array exhibits excellent sensitivity, rapid response, and good reproducibility even at room temperature.
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81.05.Dz II-VI semiconductors
81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
81.16.Be Chemical synthesis methods
82.45.Aa Electrochemical synthesis
07.07.Df Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing
82.80.-d Chemical analysis and related physical methods of analysis

Controlled assembly of zinc oxide nanowires using dielectrophoresis

Dingqu Wang, Rong Zhu, Zhaoying Zhou, and Xiongying Ye

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 103110 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2711756 (3 pages) | Cited 20 times

Online Publication Date: 7 March 2007

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A structure similar to a field effect transistor with two isolated top electrodes comprising the source and drain and a lower substrate electrode as the gate was used for the dielectrophoresis-based assembly of zinc oxide nanowires. The results reveal that the assembly of nanowires is significantly affected by the gap distance between the two top electrodes as well as the magnitude and frequency of the applied electric field. Gate assisted assemblies using direct current and alternating current dielectrophoresis were also investigated and determined to improve the assembly effect of nanowires.
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81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
68.65.La Quantum wires (patterned in quantum wells)
82.45.Aa Electrochemical synthesis

Flexible field emitter made of carbon nanotubes microwave welded onto polymer substrates

C. Y. Wang, T. H. Chen, S. C. Chang, T. S. Chin, and S. Y. Cheng

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 103111 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2711771 (3 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 7 March 2007

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The drastic temperature rise of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in response to microwave irradiation was applied to weld a MWCNT paste on a polymer substrate within a few seconds. It provides a strong bonding between the MWCNT and polymer without thermal damage to the substrate. A flexible field emitter was made from MWCNT microwave welded on polycarbonate, showing excellent electrical conduction and field-emission properties even under bending. The field emitter works with a turn-on voltage of 0.8 V/μm due to the direct electron transfer. By this method, printed circuits and field-emission devices can be processed simultaneously within seconds leading to important applications in flexible electronic devices.
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85.45.Db Field emitters and arrays, cold electron emitters
85.35.Kt Nanotube devices

Carbon contacted nanotube field effect transistors

D. G. Austing, J. Lefebvre, J. Bond, and P. Finnie

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 103112 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2711178 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 8 March 2007

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The authors demonstrate that multiwalled carbon nanotube forests make exceptionally good source and drain contacts for single walled carbon nanotube field effect transistors. Fabrication is straightforward, involving only a single step of photolithography, followed by chemical vapor deposition. Bridging nanotubes are identified either by conventional scanning electron microscopy or by global photoluminescence imaging using only white light illumination. Gate voltage sweeps show that these devices are similar to conventional nanotube transistors but with surprisingly high on currents from the viewpoint of simple models of the contact-channel interface.
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85.30.Tv Field effect devices
85.35.Kt Nanotube devices
85.40.Hp Lithography, masks and pattern transfer
85.40.Sz Deposition technology

Identification of Mn site in Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 by synchrotron x-ray absorption near-edge structure: Theory and experiment

Sukit Limpijumnong, Saroj Rujirawat, Adisak Boonchun, M. F. Smith, and B. Cherdhirunkorn

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 103113 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2711200 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 8 March 2007

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Synchrotron x-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) experiments are performed on Mn-doped PbZr1−xTixO3 samples (PZT) and compared with first-principles XANES simulations. The features of the measured Mn K-edge XANES are consistent with the first-principles XANES of Mn on the Ti/Zr site and inconsistent with Mn on other sites. The clear agreement between measured and first-principles theoretical XANES spectra reported here is by far the strongest evidence of Mn substituting for Ti/Zr in PZT. This work illustrates that a first-principles supercell framework, which is popularly used to study impurities in crystals, can be used in conjunction with XANES measurement in order to identify an impurity structure with a high degree of confidence. This approach may thus be broadly applicable to study impurities in other crystals.
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61.72.Bb Theories and models of crystal defects
61.72.Dd Experimental determination of defects by diffraction and scattering
78.70.Dm X-ray absorption spectra

Template fabrication of SiO2 nanotubes

Xia Fan, Xiang-Min Meng, Xiao-Hong Zhang, Chun-Sing Lee, and Shuit-Tong Lee

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 103114 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2711773 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 8 March 2007

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The authors report the preparation of silica nanotubes by a simple two-stage thermal evaporation of ZnSe and SiO powders. Firstly, nanocables with single crystalline ZnSe nanowire cores and amorphous SiO2 shells were formed by a combined vapor-liquid-solid and SiO-assisted growth process. The ZnSe cores were then evaporated at high temperatures leaving behind SiO2 nanotubes. As-fabricated SiO2 nanotubes were studied with scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopic analysis, and photoluminescence measurement. The SiO2 nanotubes were found to be amorphous, diameter uniform, smooth, and rigid. This method can be used to prepare other materials and morphology-controlled nanotubes.
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81.07.De Nanotubes
81.16.Be Chemical synthesis methods
61.46.Fg Nanotubes
61.43.Er Other amorphous solids
78.67.Ch Nanotubes
78.55.Qr Amorphous materials; glasses and other disordered solids

Angle-resolved x-ray absorption near edge structure study of vertically aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes

Zhongrui Li, Liang Zhang, Daniel E. Resasco, Bongjin Simon Mun, and Félix G. Requejo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 103115 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2709506 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 8 March 2007

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Vertically aligned single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) forest was studied by using angular-dependent C K-edge x-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) with linearly polarized x-ray beam. The XANES analysis found a crust of entangled nanotubes on top of the forest formed at the first stage of the forest growth, which shapes the morphology of the entire forest and constricts the nanotubes to grow to the same length. It indicates that this type of SWNT forest has a different growth mechanism from the multiwalled carbon nanotube forest.
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61.46.Fg Nanotubes
78.70.Dm X-ray absorption spectra

Controlled resonant tunneling in a coupled double-quantum-dot system

Gou Shinkai, Toshiaki Hayashi, Yoshiro Hirayama, and Toshimasa Fujisawa

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 103116 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2709905 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 9 March 2007

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The authors investigate electrostatic coupling between two double quantum dots (DQDs) defined in an AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructure by measuring the correlation between resonant tunneling currents through the DQDs. Resonant tunneling in one DQD can be controlled by the charge state of the other DQD. This controlled resonant tunneling is consistent with the capacitance model for the geometry and can be used to investigate the statistics of single-electron charge states in the DQD. The observed electrostatic coupling is strong enough to perform two-qubit quantum gates both for charge- and electron-spin-based qubit schemes.
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73.23.Hk Coulomb blockade; single-electron tunneling
73.40.Gk Tunneling
73.63.Kv Quantum dots
73.21.La Quantum dots
03.67.Lx Quantum computation architectures and implementations

ZnS nanowires and their coaxial lateral nanowire heterostructures with BN

Z. G. Chen, J. Zou, G. Q. Lu, G. Liu, F. Li, and H. M. Cheng

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 103117 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2711288 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 9 March 2007

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ZnS nanowires and their coaxial lateral BN nanowire heterostructures with a length of hundreds of micrometers and an average diameter of ∼ 300 nm were fabricated via one-step chemical vapor deposition method. Wurtzite ZnS nanowires were coated by a shell of fluffylike hexagonal BN sheets distributed randomly. Thermogravimetric analysis indicates that the heterostructures have a much better oxidation resistance compared with ZnS nanowires. Their similar optical property suggests that the ZnS/BN heterostructures would have potential applications in thermally and chemically rigorous environments.
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68.65.La Quantum wires (patterned in quantum wells)
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-enhanced CVD, MOCVD, ALD, etc.)
78.67.Lt Quantum wires
78.30.Fs III-V and II-VI semiconductors
79.20.Uv Electron energy loss spectroscopy
81.65.Mq Oxidation

Effect of substrate misorientation on the InAs/InAlAs/InP nanostructure morphology and lateral composition modulation in the InAlAs matrix

W. Lei, Y. L. Wang, Y. H. Chen, P. Jin, X. L. Ye, B. Xu, and Z. G. Wang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 103118 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2711778 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 9 March 2007

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The authors report the self-organized growth of InAs/InAlAs quantum wires on nominal (001) InP substrate and (001) InP substrates misoriented by 2°, 4°, and 8° towards both [−110] and [110]. The influence of substrate misorientation on the structural and optical properties of these InAs/InAlAs quantum wires is studied by transmission electron microscopy and photoluminescence measurements. Compared with that grown on nominal (001) InP substrate, the density of InAs/InAlAs quantum wires grown on misoriented InP(001) substrates is enhanced. A strong lateral composition modulation effect take place in the InAlAs buffer layers grown on misoriented InP substrates with large off-cut angles (4° and 8°), which induces a nucleation template for the first-period InAs quantum wires and greatly improve the size distribution of InAs quantum wires. InAs/InAlAs quantum wires grown on InP (001) substrate 8° off cut towards [−110] show the best size homogeneity and photoluminescence intensity.
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81.07.Vb Quantum wires
81.05.Ea III-V semiconductors
81.16.Dn Self-assembly
68.65.La Quantum wires (patterned in quantum wells)
78.67.Lt Quantum wires
78.55.Cr III-V semiconductors

Real-time plasmon resonance tuning of liquid Ga nanoparticles by in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry

Pae C Wu, Tong-Ho Kim, April S. Brown, Maria Losurdo, Giovanni Bruno, and Henry O. Everitt

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 103119 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2712508 (3 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 9 March 2007

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Liquid Ga nanoparticles have been deposited on sapphire substrates at room temperature. The optical evolution of Ga nanoparticle surface plasmon resonance during deposition has been characterized by in situ real-time spectroscopic ellipsometry to control and tune the plasmon resonance photon energy. The existence of both longitudinal and transverse modes for spheroidal Ga nanoparticles supported on a sapphire substrate is demonstrated and the dependence of the longitudinal and transverse plasmon energies on particle size is discussed. Stability of the Ga surface plasmon resonance to air exposure and high temperature is also demonstrated.
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73.22.Lp Collective excitations
71.22.+i Electronic structure of liquid metals and semiconductors and their alloys

Orientation dependence of magnetic moment on double-walled nanotubes with topological line defects

Susumu Okada, Kyoko Nakada, and Takazumi Kawai

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 103120 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2712498 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 9 March 2007

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The authors propose a double-walled structure of carbon nanotubes with topological line defects as a structure that exhibits magnetic moment depending on the mutual orientation of constituent nanotubes. In a short distance between the defects on each nanotube, the hybridization between the localized states on each nanotube results in a low-spin state as the ground state. In other orientations, the polarized electron spins localized around the defect on each tube are in parallel direction to each other resulting in a high-spin state. Local density of states around the Fermi level indicates that the double-walled nanotube exhibits spin-dependent transport properties.
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75.30.Cr Saturation moments and magnetic susceptibilities
75.47.Pq Other materials
73.63.Fg Nanotubes
61.46.Fg Nanotubes
73.22.-f Electronic structure of nanoscale materials and related systems
72.25.-b Spin polarized transport
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