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9 Apr 2007

Volume 90, Issue 15, Articles (15xxxx)

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 151106 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2722564 (3 pages)

P. Béjot, L. Bonacina, J. Extermann, M. Moret, J. P. Wolf, R. Ackermann, N. Lascoux, R. Salamé, E. Salmon, J. Kasparian, L. Bergé, S. Champeaux, C. Guet, N. Blanchot, O. Bonville, et al.
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Co location and valence state determination in ferromagnetic ZnO:Co thin films by atom-location-by-channeling-enhanced-microanalysis electron energy-loss spectroscopy

Yuzi Liu, Qingyu Xu, Heidemarie Schmidt, Lars Hartmann, Holger Hochmuth, Michael Lorenz, Marius Grundmann, Xiaodong Han, and Ze Zhang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 154101 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2720713 (3 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 9 April 2007

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The Co valence state and the location of Co dopant atoms in ZnO:Co thin films revealing anomalous Hall effect below 50 K have been determined by electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) measurements and atom location by channeling enhanced microanalysis (ALCHEMI), respectively. The method of ALCHEMI-EELS to investigate the dopant in materials was brought. It was used to determine that the intrinsic ferromagnetism in ZnO:Co thin films derives from the +2 Co which substitute for Zn atoms at Zn sites in the ZnO matrix. The divalent Co state in ZnO:Co has been unambiguously proven by modeling the corresponding EELS data.
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73.61.Ga II-VI semiconductors
73.50.Jt Galvanomagnetic and other magnetotransport effects (including thermomagnetic effects)
75.70.Ak Magnetic properties of monolayers and thin films
75.50.Dd Nonmetallic ferromagnetic materials

Bipolar charge transport in an organic photorefractive composite

Michael Salvador, Francisco Gallego-Gomez, Sebastian Köber, and Klaus Meerholz

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 154102 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2720745 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 10 April 2007

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The authors report on tuning the near-infrared holographic recording speed in a poly(N-vinylcarbazole) based photorefractive composite by illuminating it at a wavelength of very strong absorption. Due to the small penetration depth of the light under these conditions this approach allows to flood the material with charge carriers from the side of the sample. Even at light levels much stronger than the write beams, this additional illumination does allow for grating recording. However, under these conditions competition between positive and negative charges leads to sign inversion of the two-beam coupling gain coefficient during recording. An improvement of the recording speed is demonstrated.
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42.70.Ln Holographic recording materials; optical storage media
42.70.Gi Light-sensitive materials
42.70.Jk Polymers and organics
42.65.Jx Beam trapping, self-focusing and defocusing; self-phase modulation
42.70.Nq Other nonlinear optical materials; photorefractive and semiconductor materials
42.40.Ht Hologram recording and readout methods

Semen quality detection using time of flight and acoustic wave sensors

M. I. Newton, C. R. Evans, J. J. Simons, and D. C. Hughes

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 154103 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2721858 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 10 April 2007

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The authors report a real-time technique for assessing the number of motile sperm in a semen sample. The time of flight technique uses a flow channel with detection at the end of the channel using quartz crystal microbalances. Data presented suggest that a simple rigid mass model may be used in interpreting the change in resonant frequency using an effective mass for the sperm.
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87.80.-y Biophysical techniques (research methods)
87.17.Jj Cell locomotion, chemotaxis
47.60.-i Flow phenomena in quasi-one-dimensional systems
06.30.Dr Mass and density
07.07.Df Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing
47.80.-v Instrumentation and measurement methods in fluid dynamics

Conveyor-belt method for assembling microparticles into large-scale structures using electric fields

Anil Kumar, Andreas Acrivos, Boris Khusid, Conrad D. James, and David Jacqmin

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 154104 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2721238 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 11 April 2007

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The authors propose and experimentally demonstrate a conveyor-belt method appropriate for building large-scale microparticle structures by sequentially energizing electrodes to aggregate the particles into predetermined locations and then to translate them collectively to a work area for final assembly. This approach employs collective phenomena in a negatively polarized suspension exposed to a high-gradient strong ac electric field.
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82.70.Kj Emulsions and suspensions
81.20.-n Methods of materials synthesis and materials processing

Metal-induced photoluminescence quenching in thin organic films originating from noncontact energy transfer between single molecule and atom

Y. Wu, H. R. Wu, M. L. Wang, M. Lu, Q. L. Song, X. M. Ding, and X. Y. Hou

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 154105 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2721840 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 11 April 2007

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Severe quenching of photoluminescence in dye-doped organic thin films is observed after submonolayer metal (metal atoms) deposition. Insertion of a spacer layer between the organic film and metal atoms has minor effect on eliminating the quenching, indicating that it is a long-range noncontact interaction. The phenomenon is regarded as a result of Förster energy transfer between organic molecules and metal atoms. The origin of the transfer is the coupling between dipoles in excited organic molecules and electron transitions in isolated atoms. Atoms among most elements rather than metals are capable of being involved in such a noncontact energy transfer process.
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78.66.Qn Polymers; organic compounds
78.55.Kz Solid organic materials

Nonlinear extension of the x-ray diffraction enhanced imaging

Anton Maksimenko

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 154106 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2721378 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 12 April 2007

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Diffraction enhanced imaging is the analyzer-based x-ray imaging technique which allows extraction of the refraction and absorption contrasts from two images taken on the opposite sides of the rocking curve of the analyzer. It is widely used in different fields of science. However, the information provided by the method is qualitative rather than quantitative. This happens because either side of the rocking curve is approximated as a line. One can overcome this problem of considering the rocking curve instead of the approximation. This letter is dedicated to the implementation of this idea and includes theoretical background and experimental validation.
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07.85.-m X- and γ-ray instruments

Detection of shallow inclusions in closed-packed granular beds using mechanical impulses

Saravanan Swaminathan, Donald P. Visco, Jr., and Surajit Sen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 154107 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2722194 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 12 April 2007

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Mechanical energy has been used in the detection of shallow buried objects in granular beds for more than half a century. Here we attempt to answer a fundamental question—at what depths would an object be detectable in an idealized, close-packed, granular bed made of monosized elastic spheres? Systematic particle dynamics based studies reveal the effects of varying the area across which the impulse is generated, object size, and restitution on locating the buried object.
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61.72.Qq Microscopic defects (voids, inclusions, etc.)
62.30.+d Mechanical and elastic waves; vibrations
68.35.Md Surface thermodynamics, surface energies
45.70.-n Granular systems
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