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7 May 2007

Volume 90, Issue 19, Articles (19xxxx)

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 193501 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2737344 (3 pages)

Peter Modregger, Daniel Lübbert, Peter Schäfer, and Rolf Köhler
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Passive in vivo elastography from skeletal muscle noise

Karim G. Sabra, Stephane Conti, Philippe Roux, and W. A. Kuperman

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 194101 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2737358 (3 pages) | Cited 25 times

Online Publication Date: 7 May 2007

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Measuring the in vivo elastic properties of muscles (e.g., stiffness) provides a means for diagnosing and monitoring muscular activity. The authors demonstrated a passive in vivo elastography technique without an active external radiation source. This technique instead uses cross correlations of contracting skeletal muscle noise recorded with skin-mounted sensors. Each passive sensor becomes a virtual in vivo shear wave source. The results point to a low-cost, noninvasive technique for monitoring biomechanical in vivo muscle properties. The efficacy of the passive elastography technique originates from the high density of cross paths between all sensor pairs, potentially achieving the same sensitivity obtained from active elastography methods.
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87.63.D- Ultrasonography
87.19.R- Mechanical and electrical properties of tissues and organs
43.80.Vj Acoustical medical instrumentation and measurement techniques
43.80.Qf Medical diagnosis with acoustics
06.30.Gv Velocity, acceleration, and rotation

Continuous control of liquid crystal pretilt angle from homeotropic to planar

Karen E. Vaughn, Matthew Sousa, Daeseung Kang, and Charles Rosenblatt

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 194102 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2737427 (3 pages) | Cited 42 times

Online Publication Date: 7 May 2007

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A mixture of two polyamic acids, one having an alkyl side chain and ordinarily used for vertical liquid crystal alignment and the other without a side chain and ordinarily used for planar alignment, is deposited on two substrates and baked at high temperatures. When the resulting cell is filled with the liquid crystal pentyl cyanobiphenyl, it is found that the pretilt angle θ0 is a function of the baking temperature, and can be controlled continuously over the range of 0° ⩽ θ0≲90°.
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61.30.-v Liquid crystals
42.79.Kr Display devices, liquid-crystal devices

High-speed thermal imaging of yttria-stabilized zirconia droplet impinging on substrate in plasma spraying

Kentaro Shinoda, Hideyuki Murakami, Seiji Kuroda, Sachio Oki, Kohsei Takehara, and Takeharu Goji Etoh

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 194103 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2737360 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 8 May 2007

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The authors have developed an in situ monitoring system that captures the impacting phenomena of plasma-sprayed particles at 1×106 frames/s. The system clearly captured deformation and cooling processes of an yttria-stabilized zirconia droplet of 50 μm in diameter impinging at 170 m/s on a smooth quartz glass substrate kept at room temperature. The images show that the liquid sheet jetting out sideways from the droplet detached from the substrate and kept on spreading without disintegration until its maximum extent. While the sheet was spreading, the center region of the flattened droplet cooled down much more rapidly.
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42.79.Pw Imaging detectors and sensors
42.79.Qx Range finders, remote sensing devices; laser Doppler velocimeters, SAR, and LIDAR
07.57.Kp Bolometers; infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave, and radiowave receivers and detectors
52.75.Hn Plasma torches
52.77.Fv High-pressure, high-current plasmas (plasma spray, arc welding, etc.)

Elimination of instabilities in phase shift curves in phase-modulation atomic force microscopy in constant-amplitude mode

Yasuhiro Sugawara, Naritaka Kobayashi, Masayo Kawakami, Yan Jun Li, Yoshitaka Naitoh, and Masami Kageshima

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 194104 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2737907 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 9 May 2007

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The authors propose phase-modulation atomic force microscopy (PM-AFM) in constant-amplitude mode using automatic gain control to prevent the instabilities of cantilever dynamics. Under the condition that the driving frequency is set to the resonant frequency of the cantilever, phase shift curve in constant-amplitude mode shows no discontinuity, which resembles a typical behavior of the frequency shift curve in frequency-modulation AFM. They demonstrate that PM-AFM in constant-amplitude mode can clearly resolve phase-separated structures on polymer blend film without instability. These results indicate that PM-AFM in constant-amplitude mode is more stable than that in constant-excitation mode.
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07.79.Lh Atomic force microscopes
68.37.Ps Atomic force microscopy (AFM)

Drag reduction in electro-osmosis of polymer solutions

Feng-Ming Chang and Heng-Kwong Tsao

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 194105 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2735279 (2 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 11 May 2007

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Electro-osmosis is the preferred transport mechanism in microfluidic systems. Drag reduction in electro-osmosis of polymer solutions is observed due to polymer depletion in the electric double layer (EDL). The well-known Helmholtz-Smoluchowski (HS) equation indicates that the electro-osmosis mobility is inversely proportional to the solution viscosity. For low molecular weight the polymer size (R) is smaller than the EDL thickness (λ) and the HS equation is valid. For high molecular weight (R>λ) the chains in the EDL are partially sheared and the effective viscosity is smaller than the solution viscosity. Salt addition reduces λ and can enhance drag reduction substantially.
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47.27.-i Turbulent flows
47.50.Cd Modeling
47.57.Ng Polymers and polymer solutions
82.39.Wj Ion exchange, dialysis, osmosis, electro-osmosis, membrane processes
82.45.-h Electrochemistry and electrophoresis
66.20.-d Viscosity of liquids; diffusive momentum transport
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