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7 May 2007

Volume 90, Issue 19, Articles (19xxxx)

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 193501 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2737344 (3 pages)

Peter Modregger, Daniel Lübbert, Peter Schäfer, and Rolf Köhler
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Stability and tunability of the gyrotron backward-wave oscillator

T. H. Chang, C. T. Fan, K. F. Pao, K. R. Chu, and S. H. Chen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 191501 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2737135 (3 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 7 May 2007

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To fulfill the broadband tunability of the gyrotron backward-wave oscillator (gyro-BWO), stability issues are studied and displayed in the form of stability maps. These maps serve as a guide for the identification and optimization of stable windows for broadband tuning. A Ka-band gyro-BWO experiment was conducted accordingly. In the case of a short interaction length, stable and smooth tunability of 1.3 GHz was demonstrated with a peak interaction efficiency of 29.8%. In the longer length case, piecewise-stable tuning curves were obtained, as predicted in theory.
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84.30.Ng Oscillators, pulse generators, and function generators
84.40.Fe Microwave tubes (e.g., klystrons, magnetrons, traveling-wave, backward-wave tubes, etc.)
84.40.Ik Masers; gyrotrons (cyclotron-resonance masers)

On the hysteresis in E to H and H to E transitions and the multistep ionization in inductively coupled plasma

Min-Hyong Lee, Kyeong Hyo Lee, Dong-Seok Hyun, and Chin-Wook Chung

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 191502 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2734501 (3 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 9 May 2007

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Plasma densities, E to H and H to E transition coil currents, and electron energy distribution functions (EEDFs) are measured at various argon pressures in an inductively coupled plasma. The measured plasma density versus coil current shows that the hysteresis during the E-H transition is clearly observed only when the pressure is sufficiently high. At low gas pressures the hysteresis is not obvious. The measured EEDFs show that when the hysteresis is obvious (high pressures), electrons whose energy is not sufficient for excitation or ionization of the ground state atom are strongly depleted in the H mode. This depletion may be caused by multistep ionization. However, for the case where the hysteresis is not obvious (low pressures), the depletion due to multistep ionization is also not present. These experimental results show that the multistep ionization is a dominant factor in the E-H transition hysteresis.
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52.50.Dg Plasma sources
52.25.Jm Ionization of plasmas
52.25.Fi Transport properties
52.70.Ds Electric and magnetic measurements

Efficient extreme ultraviolet plasma source generated by a CO2 laser and a liquid xenon microjet target

Yoshifumi Ueno, Tatsuya Ariga, George Soumagne, Takeshi Higashiguchi, Shoichi Kubodera, Igor Pogorelsky, Igor Pavlishin, Daniil Stolyarov, Marcus Babzien, Karl Kusche, and Vitaly Yakimenko

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 191503 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2738190 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 9 May 2007

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We demonstrated efficacy of a CO2-laser-produced xenon plasma in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectral region at 13.5 nm at variable laser pulse widths between 200 ps and 25 ns. The plasma target was a 30 μm liquid xenon microjet. To ensure the optimum coupling of CO2 laser energy with the plasma, they applied a prepulse yttrium aluminum garnet laser. The authors measured the conversion efficiency (CE) of the 13.5 nm EUV emission for different pulse widths of the CO2 laser. A maximum CE of 0.6% was obtained for a CO2 laser pulse width of 25 ns at an intensity of 5×1010 W/cm2.
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52.50.Jm Plasma production and heating by laser beams (laser-foil, laser-cluster, etc.)
52.50.Dg Plasma sources
52.25.Os Emission, absorption, and scattering of electromagnetic radiation
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