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8 Jan 2007

Volume 90, Issue 2, Articles (02xxxx)

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 022501 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2430693 (3 pages)

V. Zakosarenko, N. Bondarenko, S. H. W. van der Ploeg, A. Izmalkov, S. Linzen, J. Kunert, M. Grajcar, E. Il’ichev, and H.-G. Meyer
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Polarization insensitive all-fiber mode-lockers functioned by carbon nanotubes deposited onto tapered fibers

Yong-Won Song, Keiyo Morimune, Sze Y. Set, and Shinji Yamashita

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 021101 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2431445 (3 pages) | Cited 28 times

Online Publication Date: 8 January 2007

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The authors demonstrate a nonblocked all-fiber mode locker operated by the interaction of carbon nanotubes with the evanescent field of propagating light in a tapered fiber. Symmetric cross section of the device with the randomly oriented nanotubes guarantees the polarization insensitive operation of the pulse formation. In order to minimize the scattering, the carbon nanotubes are deposited within a designed area around the tapered waist. The demonstrated passively pulsed laser has the repetition rate of 7.3 MHz and the pulse width of 829 fs.
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42.60.Fc Modulation, tuning, and mode locking
42.55.Wd Fiber lasers
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
85.35.Kt Nanotube devices

Observation of Brillouin zone folding in photonic crystal slab waveguides possessing a superlattice pattern

Curtis W. Neff, Tsuyoshi Yamashita, and Christopher J. Summers

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 021102 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2431447 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 8 January 2007

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The optical properties of superlattice photonic crystal (PC) patterns in two-dimensional slab waveguides were investigated using coupled-resonance angular dependent reflectivity measurements. Additional features were found in the superlattice PC spectra in comparison to that of the triangular lattice, indicating Brillouin zone folding (BZF) due to the larger unit cell and reduced symmetry of the superlattice. Calculated band structures corroborate these measurements and confirm the BZF effect which was shown to extract portions of the triangular lattice guided bands into the waveguide radiating regime, making the dielectric bands excitable by an out-of-plane source.
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42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers

Spatial coherence measurements in arrays of coupled vertical cavity surface emitting lasers

L. D. A. Lundeberg, G. P. Lousberg, D. L. Boiko, and E. Kapon

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 021103 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2431474 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 8 January 2007

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The spatial coherence and the optical phase distribution across a two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystal implemented with coupled arrays of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) are experimentally characterized. This is achieved by performing Young’s interference experiments between pairs of array elements using a spatial light modulator arrangement. In contrast to far-field measurements that provide information only on the global spatial coherence, this approach can yield full mapping of the complex degree of spatial coherence. Examples of such analysis are presented for nominally uniform one-dimensional and 2D arrays of coupled VCSELs and possible mechanisms of the observed coherence degradation are discussed.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings

Subwavelength waveguide for visible light

J. Rybczynski, K. Kempa, A. Herczynski, Y. Wang, M. J. Naughton, Z. F. Ren, Z. P. Huang, D. Cai, and M. Giersig

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 021104 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2430400 (3 pages) | Cited 34 times

Online Publication Date: 8 January 2007

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The authors demonstrate transmission of visible light through metallic coaxial nanostructures many wavelengths in length, with coaxial electrode spacing much less than a wavelength. Since the light frequency is well below the plasma resonance in the metal of the electrodes, the propagating mode reduces to the well-known transverse electromagnetic mode of a coaxial waveguide. They have thus achieved a faithful analog of the conventional coaxial cable for visible light.
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42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers

Time-resolved thermal characterization of semiconductor lasers

L. Lanco, S. Ducci, J.-P. Likforman, P. Filloux, X. Marcadet, M. Calligaro, G. Leo, and V. Berger

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 021105 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2430776 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 10 January 2007

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The authors propose and demonstrate a simple nondestructive technique that allows characterizing precisely the thermal properties of semiconductor lasers. The method consists of performing transmission measurements with a probe beam end fire coupled into one of the waveguide facets. Fabry-Perot oscillations occur as the cavity temperature varies, allowing for a time-resolved characterization of heating and dissipation processes. This leads to a very accurate knowledge of the thermal behavior of a third-order-mode semiconductor laser proposed for intracavity nonlinear processes.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression
07.20.-n Thermal instruments and apparatus

Effect of annealing temperature and ambient gas on phosphorus doped p-type ZnO

Dae-Kue Hwang, Min-Suk Oh, Jae-Hong Lim, Chang-Goo Kang, and Seong-Ju Park

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 021106 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2430937 (3 pages) | Cited 34 times

Online Publication Date: 10 January 2007

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The authors report on the thermal activation of phosphorus doped p-type ZnO thin films grown by radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The p-type ZnO was produced by activating phosphorus doped ZnO thin films in N2, Ar, or O2 ambients. The hole concentration of the p-type ZnO, prepared in an O2 ambient, showed a lower hole concentration compared to samples annealed in N2 and Ar ambients. The activation energies of the phosphorus dopant in the p-type ZnO under different ambient gases indicate that phosphorus atoms replace oxygen atoms in the ZnO to form PO which acts as an acceptor.
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61.72.Cc Kinetics of defect formation and annealing
73.61.Ga II-VI semiconductors

Cooperative quantum cutting in one-dimensional (YbxGd1−x)Al3(BO3)4:Tb3+ nanorods

Q. Y. Zhang, C. H. Yang, and Y. X. Pan

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 021107 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2430942 (3 pages) | Cited 49 times

Online Publication Date: 10 January 2007

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Near-infrared (NIR) quantum cutting (QC) involving the emission of two NIR photons per absorbed photon via a cooperative downconversion mechanism in one-dimensional (1D) (YbxGd1−x)Al3(BO3)4:Tb3+ nanorods has been demonstrated. The authors have analyzed the measured luminescence spectra and decay lifetimes and proposed a mechanism to rationalize the QC effect. Upon excitation of Tb3+ with a blue-visible photon at 485 nm, two NIR photons could be emitted by Yb3+ through an efficient cooperative energy transfer from Tb3+ to two Yb3+ with optimal quantum efficiency as great as 196%. The development of 1D Tb3+–Yb3+ QC nanomaterials could open up a possibility to realize high efficiency silicon-based solar cells by means of downconversion of the green-to-ultraviolet part of the solar spectrum to ∼ 1000 nm photons with a twofold increase in the photon number.
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78.67.Bf Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, and nanoclusters
37.10.Vz Mechanical effects of light on atoms, molecules, and ions
42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation
78.55.Hx Other solid inorganic materials

InGaAs/AlAsSb/InP quantum cascade lasers operating at wavelengths close to 3 μm

D. G. Revin, J. W. Cockburn, M. J. Steer, R. J. Airey, M. Hopkinson, A. B. Krysa, L. R. Wilson, and S. Menzel

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 021108 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2431035 (3 pages) | Cited 49 times

Online Publication Date: 10 January 2007

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The authors report the realization of short wavelength (3.05 μm ⩽ λ ⩽ 3.6 μm) InP lattice-matched In0.53Ga0.47As/AlAs0.56Sb0.44 quantum cascade lasers (QCLs). The highest-performance device displays pulsed laser action at wavelengths between 3.4 and 3.6 μm, for temperatures up to 300 K, with a low temperature (80 K) threshold current density of approximately 2.6 kA/cm2, and a characteristic temperature of T0 ∼ 130 K. The shortest wavelength QCL (λ ≈ 3.05 μm) has a higher threshold current density ( ∼ 12 kA/cm2 at T = 20 K) and operates in pulsed mode at temperatures up to 110 K.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes

Free electron laser seeded by ir laser driven high-order harmonic generation

Juhao Wu, Paul R. Bolton, James B. Murphy, and Xinming Zhong

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 021109 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2431455 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 10 January 2007

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Coherent x-ray production by a seeded free electron laser (FEL) is important for next generation synchrotron light sources. The authors examine the feasibility and features of FEL emission seeded by a high-order harmonic generation (HHG) of an infrared laser. In addition to the intrinsic FEL chirp, the longitudinal profile and spectral bandwidth of the HHG seed are modified significantly by the FEL interaction well before saturation. This smears out the original attosecond pulselet structure. The authors introduce criteria for this smearing effect on the pulselet and the stretching effect on the entire pulse. They discuss the noise issue in such a seeded FEL.
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41.60.Cr Free-electron lasers
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation
07.85.Fv X- and γ-ray sources, mirrors, gratings, and detectors
42.60.Fc Modulation, tuning, and mode locking

Method for measuring the three-dimensional distribution of a fluorescent dye in a cell membrane

Kazuya Yamamoto, Ichirou Ishimaru, Yoshiki Fujii, Toshiki Yasokawa, Shigeki Kuriyama, Tsutomu Masaki, Kaoru Takegawa, and Naotaka Tanaka

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 021110 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2428457 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 10 January 2007

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This letter reports on a method for accurately determining the component distribution in a cell membrane over the entire cell surface. This method involves exciting a fluorescent-dyed cell membrane using evanescent light and scanning the entire cell surface by rotating the cell using a noncontact technique, namely, proximal two-beam optical tweezers. To position the cell membrane in the thin evanescent field, the authors designed an optical system capable of precisely positioning the focal position. Using this method, they were able to measure the surface distribution of glycoprotein labeled by lectin in a breast cancer cell membrane.
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87.63.L- Visual imaging
87.16.D- Membranes, bilayers, and vesicles
87.14.E- Proteins
87.15.M- Spectra of biomolecules
33.50.Dq Fluorescence and phosphorescence spectra
37.10.Mn Slowing and cooling of molecules
37.10.Pq Trapping of molecules

Laser-scanning angle deviation microscopy

Ming-Hung Chiu, Bo-Yuan Shih, and Chih-Wen Lai

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 021111 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2430027 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 11 January 2007

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A microscope manifesting a dynamic range of several microns and an axial (or height) resolution of 1 nm is presented. It is based on the method of angle deviation due to nonfocal plane reflection and the application of surface plasmon resonance effect as well as the technique of heterodyne interferometry. The deviation angle and the induced phase difference between two rays are proportional to the departure from the focal plane. Using the common-path heterodyne interferometry to scan the specimen and measure the phase difference distribution, the surface profile would be obtained in real time.
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07.60.Pb Conventional optical microscopes
07.60.Ly Interferometers
06.30.Bp Spatial dimensions (e.g., position, lengths, volume, angles, and displacements)
42.62.-b Laser applications

High order mode formation of externally coupled hybrid photonic-band-gap cavity

Seok-Gy Jeon, Young-Min Shin, Kyu-Ha Jang, Seong-Tae Han, Jin-Kyu So, Young-Do Joo, and Gun-Sik Park

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 021112 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2431451 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 12 January 2007

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The electromagnetic field distribution obtained from a finite-difference-time-domain simulation shows that a hybrid photonic-band-gap (PBG) cavity enveloped by a dielectric lattice and three metallic walls provides a better field uniformity of a high order mode, TMmn0, than a conventional one does under an external coupling with the maintenance of a high quality factor of the metallic cavity. Experimentally measured reflection and transmission scattering matrices of a TM550 mode show that the hybrid PBG structure improves the field uniformity to within 10% compared with a larger variation reaching a few tens of a percent with the conventional cavity under critical coupling.
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42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)
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