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22 Jan 2007

Volume 90, Issue 4, Articles (04xxxx)

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 043507 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2435508 (3 pages)

D. Y. Kim and A. J. Steckl
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Effect of 3C-SiC(100) initial surface stoichiometry on bias enhanced diamond nucleation

J. C. Arnault, L. Intiso, S. Saada, S. Delclos, P. Bergonzo, and R. Polini

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 044101 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2433033 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 22 January 2007

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Two 3C-SiC(100) reconstructed surfaces have been exposed to bias enhanced nucleation (BEN) treatments performed in a microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition reactor. For both BEN steps, a significant enhancement of the diamond nucleation density has been observed on the initial C-terminated surface compared to the Si-rich surface. Samples have been characterized by in situ surface analysis, namely, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and x-ray Auger electron spectroscopy, and by field emission gun scanning electron microscopy.
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68.47.Fg Semiconductor surfaces
68.35.B- Structure of clean surfaces (and surface reconstruction)
68.55.A- Nucleation and growth
81.05.Cy Elemental semiconductors
79.60.Bm Clean metal, semiconductor, and insulator surfaces
79.20.Fv Electron impact: Auger emission
52.77.Dq Plasma-based ion implantation and deposition

Emergence of superhydrophobic behavior on vertically aligned nanocone arrays

B. D’Urso, J. T. Simpson, and M. Kalyanaraman

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 044102 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2433039 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 22 January 2007

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The authors investigate the properties of water drops on uniform arrays of vertically aligned nanocones. A simple model predicts a variety of behaviors depending on the nanocone aspect ratio. At low aspect ratios, surface tension pulls the water into the nanocone array, resulting in a wetted drop with high contact angle hysteresis. At high aspect ratios, the effect of the surface tension is reversed, resulting in little liquid-solid contact and drops which easily slide off the surface. Experiments show that the transition occurs as a gradual change in drop contact angles, but an abrupt change in sliding angles.
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68.03.Cd Surface tension and related phenomena
68.08.Bc Wetting

Nanoparticle generation in ultrafast pulsed laser ablation of nickel

Bing Liu, Zhendong Hu, Yong Che, Yanbin Chen, and Xiaoqing Pan

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 044103 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2434168 (3 pages) | Cited 29 times

Online Publication Date: 22 January 2007

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The process of particle generation during ultrafast pulsed laser ablation of nickel is investigated. Two types of particles with different sizes depending on the laser fluence are found, indicating different particle generation mechanisms. By limiting the laser fluence below a threshold of strong plasma formation, the large dropletlike particles can be eliminated. In addition, by supplying different background gases, various crystalline structures are obtained for the particles, including Ni/NiO core/shell spheres and NiO cubes. This study provides evidence that ultrafast laser ablation can be a room temperature physical method for generating nanocrystals with a narrow particle size distribution.
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81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression
61.80.Ba Ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation effects (including laser radiation)
61.46.Df Structure of nanocrystals and nanoparticles ("colloidal" quantum dots but not gate-isolated embedded quantum dots)

Carbon-assisted water electrolysis: An energy-efficient process to produce pure H2 at room temperature

M. S. Seehra, S. Ranganathan, and A. Manivannan

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 044104 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2432241 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 22 January 2007

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The authors report on carbon-assisted water electrolysis at 300 K which only consumes 9.6 kcal/mol H2O (compared to 56.7 kcal/mol H2O for ordinary electrolysis) using the net reaction C(s)+2H2O(ℓ)→CO2(g)+2H2(g). Carbon-assisted H2 production and its kinetics/energetics are measured at applied potential ∣E0∣ between 0.1 and 1.8 V (compared to ∣E0∣ >1.25 V required for water electrolysis). Surprisingly, H2 produced per W h is higher at the lower voltages, but longer times are required to produce the same amount of H2 The suggested practical conditions are ∣E0∣ ≃ 0.5 V and carbon concentration of 0.08 g/cm3.
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82.45.Hk Electrolysis
84.60.-h Direct energy conversion and storage
82.20.-w Chemical kinetics and dynamics

Thin film patterning by surface-plasmon-induced thermocapillarity

Lars Röntzsch, Karl-Heinz Heinig, Jon A. Schuller, and Mark L. Brongersma

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 044105 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2432282 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 22 January 2007

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It is reported that standing surface-plasmon-polariton (SPP) waves can cause regular thickness undulations of thin polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) films above a metallic substrate. Ripples, rings, and hillock arrays with long-range order were found. Numerical calculations reveal that periodic in-plane temperature profiles are generated in the PMMA due to the nonradiative damping of SPP interference patterns. Computer simulations on the temperature-gradient-driven mass transport confirm that thermocapillarity is the dominating mechanism of the observed surface patterning.
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68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology
61.41.+e Polymers, elastomers, and plastics
73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)
71.36.+c Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions)

Experimental quantum key distribution with active phase randomization

Yi Zhao, Bing Qi, and Hoi-Kwong Lo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 044106 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2432296 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 22 January 2007

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Phase randomization is an important assumption made in many security proofs of practical quantum key distribution (QKD) systems. Here, the authors present the first experimental demonstration of QKD with reliable active phase randomization. One key contribution is a polarization-insensitive phase modulator, which they added to a commercial phase-coding QKD system to randomize the global phase of each bit. They also proposed a useful method to verify the phase randomization experimentally. Their result shows very low quantum bit error rate (<1%). They expect this active phase randomization process to be a standard part in future QKD setups due to its significance and feasibility.
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03.67.Dd Quantum cryptography and communication security

Ultrathin amorphous Si layer formation by femtosecond laser pulse irradiation

Yusaku Izawa, Yasukazu Izawa, Yuichi Setsuhara, Masaki Hashida, Masayuki Fujita, Ryuichiro Sasaki, Hiroyuki Nagai, and Makoto Yoshida

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 044107 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2431709 (2 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 23 January 2007

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Formation of ultrathin amorphized Si layer by femtosecond laser irradiation is reported in this letter. Below the fluence of ablation threshold, femtosecond laser irradiation induced an amorphization of crystalline Si. The authors confirmed the thickness of amorphous Si layer by transmission electron microscope. The thickness of the amorphized layer was found to be quite uniform and did not depend on the number of irradiated laser pulses and fluence, which was related to the effective light penetration depth.
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68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology
61.43.Dq Amorphous semiconductors, metals, and alloys
61.80.Ba Ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation effects (including laser radiation)
61.82.Fk Semiconductors
81.65.-b Surface treatments
68.37.Lp Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

Direct observation of controlled strain-induced second harmonic generation in a Co0.25Pd0.75 thin film on a Pb(ZrTi)O3 substrate

Jae-Woo Jeong, Sung-Chul Shin, N. N. Dadoenkova, I. L. Lyubchanskii, V. K. Valev, and Th. Rasing

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 044108 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2433756 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 23 January 2007

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The authors have observed strain-induced second harmonic generation (SHG) signals from a Co0.25Pd0.75 alloy film deposited on a lead zirconate titanate (PZT) substrate. The strain in the sample was controlled by the inverse piezoelectric effect. The authors demonstrate that it is possible to separate the strain contribution to the SHG signal from the crystallographic contribution and that from the electric polarization in PZT. An estimate of the value of the nonlinear photoelastic tensor components is in very good agreement with previous calculations.
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78.66.Bz Metals and metallic alloys
42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation
68.60.Bs Mechanical and acoustical properties
77.65.-j Piezoelectricity and electromechanical effects
77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization

Optimization of electrical conductivity of LaCrO3 through doping: A combined study of molecular modeling and experiment

Khuong P. Ong, Ping Wu, Li Liu, and San Ping Jiang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 044109 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2431780 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 25 January 2007

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A combined approach of molecular modeling and experiment has been applied to optimize the electrical conductivity of LaCrO3 by screening all group IIa elements that may partially substitute La. Electronic structures of both doped and undoped LaCrO3 have been calculated and a semiconducting state for M2+-doped LaCrO3 has been demonstrated. Both theoretical and experimental results reveal that electrical conductivity of LaCrO3 is increased by doping Ca, Sr, and Ba and reaches a maximum value with Ca. The mechanism of doping behavior for all group IIa elements is discussed which may be of interest to electrode design for solid oxide fuel cells.
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72.80.Jc Other crystalline inorganic semiconductors
61.72.up Other materials
71.20.Nr Semiconductor compounds
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