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29 Jan 2007

Volume 90, Issue 5, Articles (05xxxx)

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 052503 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2436715 (3 pages)

Biqin Huang, Igor Altfeder, and Ian Appelbaum
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Impact of Ni-silicide grain orientation on the strain and stress fields induced in patterned silicon

C. Torregiani, K. Maex, A. Benedetti, H. Bender, P. Van Houtte, B. J. Pawlak, and J. A. Kittl

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 054101 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2437064 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 30 January 2007

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The relationship between silicide grain orientation and strain/stress induced in patterned silicon has been experimentally investigated for structures formed by NiSi lines spaced by SiO2/Si3N4 stacks. The strain and stress fields exhibit a significant asymmetry that has been attributed to the difference in the orientations of silicide grains at the two sides of the stacks. Finite element simulations support and complete the study, indicating that NiSi orientation can strongly affect the stress profile in the silicon between two silicide lines. These results are useful to understand at a fundamental level the buildup of stress and strain in actual transistors.
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85.30.Tv Field effect devices
85.30.De Semiconductor-device characterization, design, and modeling

Radiation pattern of Lamb waves generated by a circular magnetostrictive patch transducer

Ju Seung Lee, Seung Hyun Cho, and Yoon Young Kim

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 054102 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2437085 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 30 January 2007

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When a circular magnetostrictive patch bonded to a plate is subjected to static biasing and dynamic actuating magnetic fields, the patch deformation generates guided waves in the plate. To fully understand the characteristics of the circular patch-based transducer, the radiation pattern of the Lamb waves for arbitrary relative orientations of the two fields was experimentally investigated. The largest Lamb wave in an aluminum plate was generated when the two field directions make some oblique angle around 70°, not when they are parallel. The experimental findings were explained by a theoretical analysis.
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62.30.+d Mechanical and elastic waves; vibrations
68.35.Iv Acoustical properties
43.38.Rh Surface acoustic wave transducers
85.70.Ec Magnetostrictive, magnetoacoustic, and magnetostatic devices

In vivo full range complex Fourier domain optical coherence tomography

Ruikang K. Wang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 054103 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2437682 (3 pages) | Cited 55 times

Online Publication Date: 30 January 2007

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The author presents a system and algorithm to achieve full range complex Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) capable of imaging biological tissues in vivo. The method utilizes the Hilbert transformation to obtain the analytic functions for spatial interference signals obtained from each single wavelength covered in the broadband OCT light source before performing the Fourier transformation to localize the scatters within a sample. A constant carrier frequency is introduced in the spatial OCT interference signal so that its Hilbert transformation is strictly equal to its quadrature representation. The method is experimentally validated for in vivo imaging.
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87.63.L- Visual imaging
87.10.-e General theory and mathematical aspects

Role of interface disorder on thermal boundary conductance using a virtual crystal approach

Thomas Beechem, Samuel Graham, Patrick Hopkins, and Pamela Norris

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 054104 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2437685 (3 pages) | Cited 28 times

Online Publication Date: 30 January 2007

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An analytical method is presented to estimate the effects of structural disorder on the thermal boundary conductance (TBC) between two materials. The current method is an extension of the diffuse mismatch model (DMM) where the interface is modeled as a virtual crystal of finite thickness with properties derived from those of the constituent materials. Using this approximation, the TBC for a series of chromium/silicon interfaces is modeled and shown to be within 18% of experimentally obtained values. The methodology improves upon the predictive capabilities of the DMM and allows for quick estimation of the impact of interface mixing on TBC.
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72.15.Eb Electrical and thermal conduction in crystalline metals and alloys
66.70.-f Nonelectronic thermal conduction and heat-pulse propagation in solids; thermal waves
68.35.Ct Interface structure and roughness
64.75.-g Phase equilibria

Size-induced symmetric enhancement and its relevance to photoluminescence of scheelite CaWO4 nanocrystals

Liping Li, Yiguo Su, and Guangshe Li

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 054105 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2450659 (3 pages) | Cited 18 times

Online Publication Date: 30 January 2007

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This work explores size-induced lattice modification and its relevance to photoluminescence properties of scheelite nanostructures. CaWO4 nanocrystals, a prototype scheelite compound, exhibited a lattice expansion and an increased symmetry of structural units with physical dimension reduction, which is in contradiction to the trend previously reported in bulk CaWO4 at high pressures or high temperatures. Lattice variations in CaWO4 nanocrystals are probably due to the “negative pressures” that originated from strong defect dipole interactions on surfaces. The increased structural symmetry along with surface citric modifications produced a significant enhancement in photoluminescence of CaWO4 nanocrystals, indicating a quantitatively structural control over the electronic properties.
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61.46.Hk Nanocrystals
78.67.Bf Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, and nanoclusters
78.55.Hx Other solid inorganic materials

Small scale windmill

Robert Myers, Mike Vickers, Hyeoungwoo Kim, and Shashank Priya

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 054106 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2435346 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 31 January 2007

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In this letter the authors report experimental results on an optimized small scale piezoelectric windmill, which can solve the problems associated with autonomous sensor networks in outdoor, remote or inaccessible locations. The whole structure of the windmill is made of plastic, and it utilizes 18 piezoelectric bimorphs which makes this design extremely cost effective. The windmill was tested at average wind speed of 10 miles/h and it provided 5 mW continuous power. The threshold wind speed for the windmill was found to be of the order of 5.4 miles/h. Further, the authors present analysis on two other windmill structures which illustrate the design parameters required for small scale windmill.
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85.50.-n Dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric devices

Digital microfluidics: Droplet based logic gates

Lih Feng Cheow, Levent Yobas, and Dim-Lee Kwong

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 054107 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2435607 (3 pages) | Cited 28 times

Online Publication Date: 31 January 2007

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The authors present microfluidic logic gates based on two-phase flows at low Reynold’s number. The presence and the absence of a dispersed phase liquid (slug) in a continuous phase liquid represent 1 and 0, respectively. The working principle of these devices is based on the change in hydrodynamic resistance for a channel containing droplets. Logical operations including AND, OR, and NOT are demonstrated, and may pave the way for microfludic system automation and computation.
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47.85.Np Fluidics
47.55.D- Drops and bubbles
47.61.Fg Flows in micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) and nano-electromechanical systems (NEMS)
47.60.-i Flow phenomena in quasi-one-dimensional systems
07.10.Cm Micromechanical devices and systems
84.30.Sk Pulse and digital circuits

Thermal tweezers for surface manipulation with nanoscale resolution

Dmitri K. Gramotnev, Daniel R. Mason, Galina Gramotnev, and Anthony J. Rasmussen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 054108 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2437061 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 1 February 2007

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In this letter, the authors demonstrate that random Brownian forces can be used for effective trapping and manipulation of nanoparticles and molecules on surfaces in the presence of strong temperature modulation. Substantial (approximately two orders of magnitude) increase in the modulation of particle concentration (trapping efficiency) compared to thermophoresis in a bulk medium is predicted and explained by a periodic potential of interaction between a particle/molecule and the crystalline surface. As a result, a new nanofabrication and manipulation technique for creating optically induced complex surface structures with nanoscale resolution below tens of nanometers is proposed and developed.
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81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
68.35.Fx Diffusion; interface formation
68.35.B- Structure of clean surfaces (and surface reconstruction)
61.46.Df Structure of nanocrystals and nanoparticles ("colloidal" quantum dots but not gate-isolated embedded quantum dots)

Curvelets for surface characterization

Jianwei Ma

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 054109 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2437726 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 1 February 2007

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Surface metrology is the science of measuring small-scale features on surfaces, which is important to many disciplines including tribology, fluid mechanics, optics, and manufacturing. Applications of wavelets on functional surfaces have become an increasing interest. Unfortunately, the traditional wavelets have good performance only at representing point singularities because they ignore the geometric properties of surfaces with scratches and do not exploit the regularity of curves. In this letter, a second-generation curvelet transform combined with total variation minimization is proposed to characterize surfaces with general scratches along C2 singularities. The ability of the developed geometric multiscale method is demonstrated on bioengineering surfaces.
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68.35.B- Structure of clean surfaces (and surface reconstruction)

Self-organization of hydrophobic soil and granular surfaces

Glen McHale, Neil J. Shirtcliffe, Michael I. Newton, F. Brian Pyatt, and Stefan H. Doerr

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 054110 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2435594 (3 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 1 February 2007

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Soil can become extremely water repellent following forest fires or oil spillages, thus preventing penetration of water and increasing runoff and soil erosion. Here the authors show that evaporation of a droplet from the surface of a hydrophobic granular material can be an active process, lifting, self-coating, and selectively concentrating small solid grains. Droplet evaporation leads to the formation of temporary liquid marbles and, as droplet volume reduces, particles of different wettabilities compete for water-air interfacial surface area. This can result in a sorting effect with self-organization of a mixed hydrophobic-hydrophilic aggregate into a hydrophobic shell surrounding a hydrophilic core.
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92.40.Gc Erosion and sedimentation; sediment transport
68.08.Bc Wetting
68.03.Fg Evaporation and condensation of liquids
64.70.F- Liquid-vapor transitions

Animal magnetocardiography using superconducting quantum interference device gradiometers assisted with magnetic nanoparticle injection: A sensitive method for early detecting electromagnetic changes induced by hypercholesterolemia

C. C. Wu, B. F. Hong, B. H. Wu, S. Y. Yang, H. E. Horng, H. C. Yang, W. Y. Isaac Tseng, W. K. Tseng, Y. B. Liu, L. C. Lin, L. S. Lu, and Y. H. Lee

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 054111 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2433036 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 2 February 2007

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In this work, the authors used a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetocardiography (MCG) system consisted of 64-channel low-transition-temperature SQUID gradiometers to detect the MCG signals of hepercholesterolemic rabbits. In addition, the MCG signals were recorded before and after the injection of magnetic nanoparticles into the rabbits’ ear veins to investigate the effects of magnetic nanoparticles on the MCG signals. These MCG data were compared to those of normal rabbits to reveal the feasibility for early detection of the electromagnetic changes induced by hypercholesterolemia using MCG with the assistance of magnetic nanoparticle injection.
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87.80.-y Biophysical techniques (research methods)
87.85.Qr Nanotechnologies-design
87.85.Rs Nanotechnologies-applications
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