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10 Sep 2007

Volume 91, Issue 11, Articles (11xxxx)

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 112501 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2780107 (3 pages)

Y. Liu, S. Gliga, R. Hertel, and C. M. Schneider
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Smallest 90° domains in epitaxial ferroelectric films

A. H. G. Vlooswijk, B. Noheda, G. Catalan, A. Janssens, B. Barcones, G. Rijnders, D. H. A. Blank, S. Venkatesan, B. Kooi, and J. T. M. de Hosson

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 112901 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2783274 (3 pages) | Cited 20 times

Online Publication Date: 10 September 2007

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Periodic ferroelectric-ferroelastic 90° domain patterns with an unprecedented small domain periodicity of 27 nm were observed in thin PbTiO3 films grown on DyScO3 substrates. These patterns contain the narrowest possible a domains (6 nm wide) that allow to preserve the lateral coherence in the films, producing highly ordered patterns visible by x-ray diffraction.
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77.55.-g Dielectric thin films
77.80.Dj Domain structure; hysteresis
68.55.A- Nucleation and growth
81.16.Dn Self-assembly
81.15.Fg Pulsed laser ablation deposition
81.16.Mk Laser-assisted deposition

Piezoelectricity of zinc-blende and wurtzite structure binary compounds

Jun Xin, Yanqing Zheng, and Erwei Shi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 112902 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2783279 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 10 September 2007

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First-principles calculations were performed on binary compounds of zinc-blende and wurtzite structures to disclose the relationships between the piezoelectric performance and the microscopic structure. The authors defined the structure parameters P and θ to represent the degree of asymmetry in structure. They were found to be linear to piezoelectric constants e14 and e33 for zinc-blende and wurtzite structure binary compounds, respectively.
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77.65.Bn Piezoelectric and electrostrictive constants
61.66.Fn Inorganic compounds
61.50.Ah Theory of crystal structure, crystal symmetry; calculations and modeling

Domain switching in lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate polycrystalline sheets at single grain level

Wei-Sheng Su, Yang-Fang Chen, Wan Y. Shih, Hongyu Luo, and Wei-Heng Shih

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 112903 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2778359 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 11 September 2007

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The authors provide direct evidence of non-180° domain switching in the piezoelectric response of substrate-free 40 μm thick polycrystalline [Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3]0.63(PbTiO3)0.37 (PMN-37PT) sheets under dc electric fields through piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) at the single grain level. The sheet’s polarization preferred pointing in the planar direction which was switched to the normal direction at electric field ranging between 1.3 and 1.9 kV/cm. An independent d31 measurement of PMN-37PT sheets deduced from the axial tip displacement measurements of a 4 mm long PMN-PT/copper cantilever showed enhanced d31 values that peaked at –2700 pm/V in the same range of electric field, consistent with the PFM observation.
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77.80.Fm Switching phenomena
77.80.Dj Domain structure; hysteresis
77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization

Strain-relaxed structure in (001)/(100)-oriented epitaxial PbTiO3 films grown on (100) SrTiO3 substrates by metal organic chemical vapor deposition

Hiroshi Nakaki, Yong Kwan Kim, Shintaro Yokoyama, Rikyu Ikariyama, Hiroshi Funakubo, Ken Nishida, and Keisuke Saito

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 112904 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2779239 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 11 September 2007

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The authors grew (001)- and (001)/(100)-oriented epitaxial PbTiO3 films with various thicknesses on (100)SrTiO3 substrates. They used x-ray diffraction to measure the angles between surface normal [001] of (001)-oriented domains and [100] of (100)-oriented domains. The angles were found to be approximately 3.6° when the film thickness exceeded 1100 nm. This value is consistent with the value obtained by a geometric calculation for strain-free PbTiO3. This result suggests that thick epitaxial PbTiO3 films grown on (100)SrTiO3 substrates have a fully strain-relaxed structure.
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77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology
68.60.Bs Mechanical and acoustical properties
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-enhanced CVD, MOCVD, ALD, etc.)

Size effect in morphotropic phase boundary Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3

M. Algueró, J. Ricote, R. Jiménez, P. Ramos, J. Carreaud, B. Dkhil, J. M. Kiat, J. Holc, and M. Kosec

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 112905 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2778471 (3 pages) | Cited 18 times

Online Publication Date: 12 September 2007

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Phases, domain configuration, and properties of 0.65Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.35PbTiO3 ceramics with grain sizes of 4 and 0.15 μm have been studied. The average phase is monoclinic Pm in coexistence with tetragonal. An evolution from micron-sized lamellar domains towards submicron/nanometer sized crosshatched domains is found with the decrease in size, which results in electrical relaxor type behavior and hindered switching. This is proposed to be associated with the slowing down of the relaxor to ferroelectric transition that causes the long time presence of an intermediate domain configuration. Nevertheless, a high sensitivity piezoelectric submicron-structured material is obtained under tailored poling (d33 ∼ 300 pC N−1).
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77.80.Dj Domain structure; hysteresis
77.80.B- Phase transitions and Curie point
77.65.Bn Piezoelectric and electrostrictive constants
77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization

Giant strain in lead-free piezoceramics Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3–BaTiO3–K0.5Na0.5NbO3 system

Shan-Tao Zhang, Alain Brice Kounga, Emil Aulbach, Helmut Ehrenberg, and Jürgen Rödel

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 112906 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2783200 (3 pages) | Cited 77 times

Online Publication Date: 12 September 2007

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Piezoelectric actuators convert electrical into mechanical energy and are implemented for many large-scale applications such as piezoinjectors and ink jet printers. The performance of these devices is governed by the electric-field-induced strain. Here, the authors describe the development of a class of lead-free (0.94−x)Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3–0.06BaTiO3–xK0.5Na0.5NbO3 ceramics. These can deliver a giant strain (0.45%) under both unipolar and bipolar field loadings, which is even higher than the strain obtained with established ferroelectric Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 ceramics and is comparable to strains obtained in Pb-based antiferroelectrics.
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77.65.Bn Piezoelectric and electrostrictive constants
77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
77.80.Fm Switching phenomena
77.80.B- Phase transitions and Curie point
77.80.Dj Domain structure; hysteresis

Origin of photoresponse in heterophase ferroelectric Pt/Pb(ZrTi)O3/Ir capacitors

L. A. Delimova, V. S. Yuferev, I. V. Grekhov, P. V. Afanasjev, G. P. Kramar, A. A. Petrov, and V. P. Afanasjev

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 112907 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2773936 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 13 September 2007

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A steady-state short-circuit photocurrent is measured in polycrystalline Pb(ZrTi)O3(PZT) films with Pb excess. It is found that although the photocurrent is directed opposite to ferroelectric polarization, it is not the depolarization current of the ferroelectric. To explain this, the authors assume that Pt/PZT/Ir capacitor consists of PZT grains and semiconductor PbO phase segregated on PZT grain boundaries during the PZT formation. In such medium, the current across the film flows through channels formed by PbO phase, where an electric field is generated by uncompensated polarization charge of PZT grains. Using this concept, the authors described the experimental dependence of photocurrent on polarization.
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84.32.Tt Capacitors
85.50.-n Dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric devices

X-ray microbeam probing of elastic strains in patterned He+ implanted single-crystal LiNbO3

Djordje Djukic, Ryan M. Roth, R. M. Osgood, Jr., Kenneth Evans-Lutterodt, Hassaram Bakhru, Sasha Bakhru, and David Welch

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 112908 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2776859 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 13 September 2007

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X-ray microprobing is used to investigate buried elastic strain resulting from deep He+ implantantion in LiNbO3. The implantation regions are defined lithographically and strain fields mapped with spatial- and energy-resolved x-ray microdiffraction to characterize the resulting structures. The structurally modified regions are found to retain their lateral lithographic definition, with the buried implantation being in strong compression.
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81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity, stress-strain relations
62.20.D- Elasticity
61.72.up Other materials
61.72.J- Point defects and defect clusters
61.66.Fn Inorganic compounds
42.70.-a Optical materials

Dielectric anisotropy in relaxor ferroelectric Pb0.775La0.15(Zr0.4Ti0.6)O3 ceramics

E. Buixaderas, S. Kamba, J. Petzelt, J. Drahokoupil, F. Laufek, and M. Kosec

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 112909 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2783962 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 13 September 2007

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A huge dielectric anisotropy has been found in Pb0.775La0.15(Zr0.4Ti0.6)O3 (PLZT 15/40/60) ceramics by analysis of infrared reflectivity spectra. Anisotropy is present in both the relaxor and the ferroelectric phases. Infrared spectra were evaluated using Bruggeman’s formula within the effective medium approximation. X-ray structural analysis supports a local [110] shift of Pb cations and factor-group analysis taking into account the 4d site symmetry for the effective Pb/La atom gives more infrared and Raman active phonons than the previous published factor-group analysis, in agreement with our infrared data. Symmetry of all observed polar phonons was assigned.
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77.80.-e Ferroelectricity and antiferroelectricity
77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
78.30.Hv Other nonmetallic inorganics

Phase transition temperature of SrTiO3 ultrathin films: An annealing study by ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy

A. B. Shi, W. Z. Shen, and H. Wu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 112910 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2784171 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 13 September 2007

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The authors present a detailed investigation of paraferroelectric phase transition temperature (TC) of SrTiO3 ultrathin films grown by molecular beam epitaxy on Si substrate under various annealing temperatures on the basis of recent understanding of the interfacial layer formation in constant oxygen atmosphere. They show that TC determined by the ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy is found to enhance linearly with the increasing compressive thermal strain. The present work demonstrates that the “strain engineering” room-temperature ferroelectricity in SrTiO3 films can also be realized through the rapid controlled annealing, in addition to the substitution of substrates in the literature.
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77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
77.55.-g Dielectric thin films
77.80.B- Phase transitions and Curie point
78.40.Ha Other nonmetallic inorganics
78.30.Hv Other nonmetallic inorganics
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments

Magnetic field induced phase transition in multiferroic BiFe1−xTixO3 ceramics prepared by rapid liquid phase sintering

Manoj Kumar and K. L. Yadav

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 112911 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2784179 (3 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 13 September 2007

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Single phase BiFe1−xTixO3 (BFTO) ceramics with varying x up to 0.35 were prepared by a rapid liquid phase sintering method to study the influence of Ti doping on their crystal structure, morphology, and magnetic behavior. Rhombohedral to orthorhombic phase was observed above x ≥ 0.33. The BFTO ceramics were highly resistive and with uniform morphology. Magnetic measurements revealed an increase in magnetization with the increase in Ti content and was maximum for x = 0.2 ceramic. Surprisingly, a magnetic field induced phase transition from weak ferromagnetic to diamagnetic above 50 kOe was observed for x = 0.30 and 0.315 ceramics.
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81.05.Je Ceramics and refractories (including borides, carbides, hydrides, nitrides, oxides, and silicides)
77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
75.30.Kz Magnetic phase boundaries (including classical and quantum magnetic transitions, metamagnetism, etc.)
75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects
75.80.+q Magnetomechanical effects, magnetostriction
75.50.Dd Nonmetallic ferromagnetic materials

Deposition of lanthanum zirconium oxide high-κ films by liquid injection atomic layer deposition

J. M. Gaskell, A. C. Jones, H. C. Aspinall, S. Taylor, P. Taechakumput, P. R. Chalker, P. N. Heys, and R. Odedra

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 112912 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2784956 (3 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 14 September 2007

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Thin films of lanthanum zirconium oxide, LaxZr1−xO2−δ (x = 0.22,0.35,0.63), have been grown by liquid injection atomic layer deposition using [(iPrCp)3La] and [(MeCp)2ZrMe(OMe)] precursors. At lower La atomic fractions (x = 0.22) films were stabilized in the cubic phase after annealing at 700 °C in air. At higher La atomic fractions (x>0.35), the films remained amorphous after annealing. The films deposited showed good dielectric properties with low hysteresis voltages and negligible flatband voltage shifts. The relative permittivity (κ) ranged from 11 to 14 with leakage current densities at 1 MV cm−1 in the range of 2.6×10−6–5.3×10−7 A cm−2.
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77.55.-g Dielectric thin films
77.80.Dj Domain structure; hysteresis
77.22.Ch Permittivity (dielectric function)
68.55.A- Nucleation and growth
81.15.Lm Liquid phase epitaxy; deposition from liquid phases (melts, solutions, and surface layers on liquids)
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments

Reduced leakage current in La and Ni codoped BiFeO3 thin films

S. K. Singh, K. Maruyama, and H. Ishiwara

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 112913 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2784968 (3 pages) | Cited 49 times

Online Publication Date: 14 September 2007

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La (2.5%) and Ni (2.5%) codoped BiFeO3 (BLFNO) thin films were formed by chemical solution deposition on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si(100) structures. BiFeO3 (BFO), La(5%)-doped BFO, and Ni(5%)-doped BFO films were studied for comparison. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the crystal structure of all films was single perovskite phase, however, structural modifications were observed in La-doped films. The leakage current density at 500 kV/cm was reduced by approximately three orders of magnitude by codoping La and Ni atoms, compared with BFO films. In BLFNO films, well saturated remanent polarization of 70 μC/cm2 was obtained at room temperature at 10 kHz with the reduced coercive field by approximately 30%.
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81.15.Lm Liquid phase epitaxy; deposition from liquid phases (melts, solutions, and surface layers on liquids)
77.55.-g Dielectric thin films
77.80.-e Ferroelectricity and antiferroelectricity
77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization

Prediction of ferroelectricity in BaTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattices with domains

Y. L. Li, S. Y. Hu, D. Tenne, A. Soukiassian, D. G. Schlom, X. X. Xi, K. J. Choi, C. B. Eom, A. Saxena, T. Lookman, Q. X. Jia, and L. Q. Chen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 112914 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2785121 (3 pages) | Cited 23 times

Online Publication Date: 14 September 2007

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The phase transitions of superlattices into single- and multidomain states were studied using a mesoscale phase-field model incorporating structural inhomogeneity, micromechanics, and electrostatics. While the predictions of transition temperatures of BaTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattices into multidomains show remarkably good, quantitative agreement with ultraviolet Raman spectroscopic and variable-temperature x-ray diffraction measurements, the single-domain assumption breaks down for superlattices in which the nonferroelectric layer thickness exceeds the characteristic domain size in the ferroelectric layers.
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77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
77.80.B- Phase transitions and Curie point
77.80.Dj Domain structure; hysteresis
68.65.Cd Superlattices
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