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10 Sep 2007

Volume 91, Issue 11, Articles (11xxxx)

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 112501 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2780107 (3 pages)

Y. Liu, S. Gliga, R. Hertel, and C. M. Schneider
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Iron-phosphate∕platinum∕carbon nanocomposites for enhanced electrocatalytic stability

Chunjoong Kim, Byungjoo Lee, Yejun Park, Byungwoo Park, Jaeseung Lee, and Hasuck Kim

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 113101 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2783035 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 10 September 2007

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The effects of FePO4–Pt/C nanocomposites on the electrocatalytic properties were examined after 1000 accelerated cycles (up to 1.48 V vs normal hydrogen electrode). The FePO4–Pt/C nanocomposites exhibited similar electrocatalytic properties to Pt/C without any initial degradation, and also showed enhanced long-term stabilities. By optimizing the synthetic conditions of FePO4–Pt/C nanocomposites, the well-dispersed FePO4 nanoparticles played important roles in preserving the Pt surface activities, by preventing both the dissolution and agglomeration of Pt nanoparticles.
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61.46.Df Structure of nanocrystals and nanoparticles ("colloidal" quantum dots but not gate-isolated embedded quantum dots)
82.45.Yz Nanostructured materials in electrochemistry
82.45.Jn Surface structure, reactivity and catalysis

On resonance diffraction of high frequency radiation at periodically corrugated semiconductor interfaces

N. A. Balakhonova, A. V. Kats, and V. K. Gavrikov

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 113102 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2783183 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 10 September 2007

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It is shown that resonance features analogous to the well known in optics Wood-type anomalies can be observed in the terahertz range on a periodically profiled surface of a highly doped semiconductor at low temperatures. The anomalies are caused by surface plasmon polariton excitation under diffraction on the surface. The results are of interest both from the physical viewpoint and due to a wide field of possible applications in present-day information technologies.
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78.68.+m Optical properties of surfaces
73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)
71.36.+c Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions)

Nanoscale patterning of a conjugated oligomer

Amol Chandekar and James E. Whitten

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 113103 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2783215 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 10 September 2007

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Vapor-deposited α-sexithiophene is finding important organic electronic device applications. A method of patterning dibutylphosphonate-substituted sexithiophene (DBP-α6T), a soluble version of this conjugated oligomer, with lateral dimensions as small as 50 nm is described. It consists of using either microcontact printing or dip-pen nanolithography to form hydrophilic alkanethiol patterns on a gold surface. The remainder of the surface is backfilled with a hydrophobic alkanethiol. When DBP-α6T is spin-coated and annealed, it preferentially adsorbs on the hydrophilic patterns. Photoemission demonstrates the similarity in valence electronic structure of DBP-α6T films to α-sexithiophene. This patterning method may be useful for future nanoscale device fabrication.
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81.16.Rf Micro- and nanoscale pattern formation
81.16.Nd Micro- and nanolithography
79.60.Fr Polymers; organic compounds
71.20.Rv Polymers and organic compounds
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments

TiO2–CdSe nanowire arrays showing visible-range light absorption

Jung-Chul Lee, Yun-Mo Sung, Tae Geun Kim, and Heon-Jin Choi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 113104 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2783229 (3 pages) | Cited 19 times

Online Publication Date: 11 September 2007

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High-density single crystalline TiO2 nanowires ( ∼ 50 nm diameter) were grown on Ti substrates by chemical vapor deposition, and they were overcoated with the solution containing CdSe nanocrystals ( ∼ 5 nm diameter) and heat treated at 600 °C to form TiO2 hetersotructured nanowire arrays. The TiO2 nanowire arrays showed uniformly distributed CdSe nanocrystals and high crystallinity of rutile and wurtzite from the TiO2 and the CdSe, respectively. Owing to the heterostructure of TiO2, they demonstrate almost full visible-range light absorption, and thus enhanced photocatalytic activity by the charge separation via electron and hole transfers between the CdSe and the TiO2.
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81.07.Vb Quantum wires
81.05.Dz II-VI semiconductors
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-enhanced CVD, MOCVD, ALD, etc.)
68.65.La Quantum wires (patterned in quantum wells)
78.67.Lt Quantum wires
78.40.Fy Semiconductors

In situ x-ray scattering study of self-organized nanodot pattern formation on GaSb(001) by ion beam sputtering

O. Plantevin, R. Gago, L. Vázquez, A. Biermanns, and T. H. Metzger

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 113105 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2783964 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 12 September 2007

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The formation of self-organized nanodot patterns on GaSb(001) targets by ion beam sputtering has been studied in situ with grazing incidence small angle x-ray scattering. The temporal evolution of the patterns at different ion energies (300–1200 eV) has been monitored. The authors evidence a rapid coarsening in the characteristic wavelength until reaching a saturation value that scales with ion energy. The pattern evolves slower toward saturation for the lower ion energy while attaining a higher correlation length (normalized to the wavelength). The pattern time dependence is correlated with the influence of the sputtering rate on the pattern formation.
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81.16.Rf Micro- and nanoscale pattern formation
81.16.Dn Self-assembly
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
78.70.Ck X-ray scattering

Three-dimensional atomic-scale mapping of Pd in Ni1−xPdxSi/Si(100) thin films

Yeong-Cheol Kim, Praneet Adusumilli, Lincoln J. Lauhon, David N. Seidman, Soon-Yen Jung, Hi-Deok Lee, Roger L. Alvis, Rob M. Ulfig, and Jesse D. Olson

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 113106 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2784196 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 12 September 2007

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Atom-probe tomography was utilized to map the three-dimensional distribution of Pd atoms in nickel monosilicide thin films on Si(100). A solid-solution Ni0.95Pd0.05 film on a Si(100) substrate was subjected to rapid thermal processing plus steady-state annealing to simulate the thermal processing experienced by NiSi source and drain contacts in standard complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor processes. Pd is found to segregate at the (Ni0.95Pd0.05)Si/Si(100) heterophase interface, which may provide a previously unrecognized contribution to monosilicide stabilization. The silicide-Si heterophase interface was reconstructed in three dimensions on an atomic scale and its chemical roughness was evaluated.
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68.35.Fx Diffusion; interface formation
73.40.Ns Metal-nonmetal contacts
61.72.Cc Kinetics of defect formation and annealing
68.35.Ct Interface structure and roughness

Cluster scale composition determination in a boron-rich compound

Jun Jiang, Jun Yuan, and Andrew Bleloch

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 113107 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2773745 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 13 September 2007

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Composition metrology is an important issue for compound nanostructure and devices. By imaging the internal structure of boron clusters in a boron-rich material using the high angle annular dark field technique in an aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope, the authors have been able to determine quantitatively the local composition to be B6O1−x (x = 0.30±0.04) through a relative image contrast analysis with the aid of a dynamical electron scattering simulation. Fluctuation of the oxygen occupancy is spatially resolved. This high precision and efficient measurement allows the study of the nonstoichiometry effect on an atomic scale for boron-rich materials.
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81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
61.46.Bc Structure of clusters (e.g., metcars; not fragments of crystals; free or loosely aggregated or loosely attached to a substrate)
61.66.Bi Elemental solids
61.66.Dk Alloys
82.80.-d Chemical analysis and related physical methods of analysis

Highly anisotropic Zeeman splittings of wurtzite Cd1−xMnxSe quantum dots

Xiu-Wen Zhang, Wei-Jun Fan, Kai Chang, Shu-Shen Li, and Jian-Bai Xia

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 113108 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2784192 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 13 September 2007

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The electronic structure and Zeeman splittings of wurtzite Cd1−xMnxSe quantum spheres are studied using the k∙p method and mean-field model. It is interesting to find that the Zeeman splittings of some hole states in quantum spheres are highly anisotropic due to the spin-orbit coupling and wurtzite crystal structure. The anisotropy of the Zeeman splittings of hole ground states in large dots is large, while that in small dot is small because the hole ground states vary with radius. An external electrical field can change the Zeeman splitting significantly, and tune the g factor from nearly 0 to about 100.
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71.70.Ej Spin-orbit coupling, Zeeman and Stark splitting, Jahn-Teller effect
73.21.La Quantum dots
71.15.Ap Basis sets (LCAO, plane-wave, APW, etc.) and related methodology (scattering methods, ASA, linearized methods, etc.)
71.15.-m Methods of electronic structure calculations
71.18.+y Fermi surface: calculations and measurements; effective mass, g factor

Fabrication of screen-printed field electron emitter using length-controlled and purification-free carbon nanotubes

Kumiko Yoshihara, Shunjiro Fujii, Hideyasu Kawai, Kazuhiro Ishida, Shin-ichi Honda, Mitsuhiro Katayama, and Kenjiro Oura

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 113109 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2784194 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 13 September 2007

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The authors fabricated a screen-printed field electron emitter using purification-free and length-controlled carbon nanotubes (CNTs). They used vertically aligned CNTs grown on Si substrates by thermal chemical vapor deposition as the source material for fabricating CNT paste. The length of CNTs was controlled by adjusting the growth time. The amounts of amorphous carbon and catalyst in the source material were less than 1 and 0.5 wt %, respectively, which obviated the need to purify the CNTs. The emitter fabricated using source CNTs with a length of over 80 μm showed good reproducibility of current density (J)–electric field (E) characteristics. With a low threshold field Eth of 1.5 V/μm, J = 1 mA/cm2 was produced. The emitter exhibited good emission stability for 100 h. It was found that the length distribution of the standing CNTs was determined in a precise manner when long CNTs were used as the source material, which led to a highly reproducible fabrication of field emitters.
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79.70.+q Field emission, ionization, evaporation, and desorption
85.35.Kt Nanotube devices
81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing

Formation, thermal stability, and surface composition of size-selected AuFe nanoparticles

A. Naitabdi and B. Roldan Cuenya

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 113110 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2784957 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 13 September 2007

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The surface composition of isolated Au0.5Fe0.5 nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized by micelle encapsulation and supported on TiO2(110) has been investigated. The study reveals that phase-segregated structures are present after annealing at 300 °C. A subsequent thermal treatment at 700 °C resulted in the formation of a AuFe alloy. At this temperature, a state characteristic of Fe was identified at the NPs’ surface. Annealing at 900 °C resulted in the disappearance of the Fe surface state, which is attributed to Au segregation to the surface. The initial hexagonal NP arrangement on the TiO2(110) surface was preserved up to 900 °C. At 1000 °C, Au desorption was observed.
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81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
61.46.Df Structure of nanocrystals and nanoparticles ("colloidal" quantum dots but not gate-isolated embedded quantum dots)
68.35.Dv Composition, segregation; defects and impurities
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments
73.20.At Surface states, band structure, electron density of states

Degradation and segregation: Thermal stability and highly ordered epitaxial thin films of large aromatic molecules

C. Wagner, R. Franke, T. Dienel, R. Forker, R. Jacob, and T. Fritz

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 113111 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2779100 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 14 September 2007

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The authors present an investigation of highly ordered epitaxial thin films of large organic molecules, namely quaterrylene derivatives. Even though the raw material quaterrylene tetracarboxylic diimide (QTCDI) starts to decompose below its sublimation temperature, epitaxial monolayers could be grown. By modifying the preparation procedure, highly ordered domains of quaterrylene dicarboxylic monoimide, being the main decomposition product of QTCDI, could also be produced. Although both molecules bear strong similarities, they grow in a dissimilar fashion influenced by their substituents and molecular dipole and quadrupole moments. The structures are characterized by scanning tunneling microscopy and, in case of QTCDI, low energy electron diffraction.
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68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology
68.60.Dv Thermal stability; thermal effects
64.75.-g Phase equilibria
64.70.Hz Solid-vapor transitions
68.37.Ef Scanning tunneling microscopy (including chemistry induced with STM)

Site-controlled growth of Ge nanostructures on Si(100) via pulsed laser deposition nanostenciling

C. V. Cojocaru, A. Bernardi, J. S. Reparaz, M. I. Alonso, J. M. MacLeod, C. Harnagea, and F. Rosei

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 113112 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2783473 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 14 September 2007

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The authors combine nanostenciling and pulsed laser deposition to pattern germanium (Ge) nanostructures into desired architectures. They have analyzed the evolution of the Ge morphology with coverage. Following the formation of a wetting layer within each area defined by the stencil’s apertures, Ge growth becomes three dimensional and the size and number of Ge nanocrystals evolve with coverage. Micro-Raman spectroscopy shows that the deposits are crystalline and epitaxial. This approach is promising for the parallel patterning of semiconductor nanostructures for optoelectronic applications.
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81.05.Cy Elemental semiconductors
81.16.Rf Micro- and nanoscale pattern formation
81.16.Mk Laser-assisted deposition
81.15.Fg Pulsed laser ablation deposition
78.30.Am Elemental semiconductors and insulators

Photocontrolled wettability changes in polymer microchannels doped with photochromic molecules

Lucia Caprioli, Elisa Mele, Francesco Elio Angilè, Salvatore Girardo, Athanassia Athanassiou, Andrea Camposeo, Roberto Cingolani, and Dario Pisignano

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 113113 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2784191 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 14 September 2007

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The authors demonstrate the possibility to control the fluid flow inside microfluidic networks by photoresponsive capillaries. The approach relies on the use of photochromic molecules undergoing reversible changes in their polarity when irradiated with light of specific wavelength, thus varying the wettability of cyclic olefin copolymer microchannels. The realized photoresponsive elements exhibit a decrease up to 20° between the water contact angles of the native and the irradiated surfaces, which could be exploited for enhancing the penetration flow rate of fluids inside microfluidic channels up to 25%. The photocontrollable microfluidic circuitry presents on-off valve behavior, allowing or blocking liquid filling processes on the base of optical control, thus allowing one to manipulate liquid flow within microfluidic networks without mechanical actuation parts.
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47.85.L- Flow control
47.61.Fg Flows in micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) and nano-electromechanical systems (NEMS)
47.60.-i Flow phenomena in quasi-one-dimensional systems
47.55.nb Capillary and thermocapillary flows
47.85.Np Fluidics
68.08.Bc Wetting

Output analysis of materials inkjet printer

Leila F. Deravi, Aren E. Gerdon, David E. Cliffel, David W. Wright, and Jan L. Sumerel

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 113114 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2785112 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 14 September 2007

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Piezoelectric inkjet printing was used to deposit single spot microarrays onto Au-coated quartz crystals or SiN3 substrates in air. Composite solutions of nanospheres, carbon nanotubes, and colloidal silver were printed, and their properties were quantitated. The average weight of one spot of each deposited material was determined directly using a quartz crystal microbalance. The calculated weight was used in conjunction with density to estimate the average volume of a single spot of each deposited material. It was shown that inkjet printing reproducibly formed sub-15 pl spots, suggesting this deposition method to be highly reproducible for rapid, small-scale fabrication of microarrays.
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81.15.Lm Liquid phase epitaxy; deposition from liquid phases (melts, solutions, and surface layers on liquids)

Plasma-assisted self-sharpening of platelet-structured single-crystalline carbon nanocones

I. Levchenko, K. Ostrikov, J. D. Long, and S. Xu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 113115 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2784932 (3 pages) | Cited 50 times

Online Publication Date: 14 September 2007

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A mechanism and model for the vertical growth of platelet-structured vertically aligned single-crystalline carbon nanostructures by the formation of graphene layers on a flat top surface are proposed and verified experimentally. It is demonstrated that plasma-related effects lead to self-sharpening of tapered nanocones to form needlelike nanostructures, in a good agreement with the predicted dependence of the radius of a nanocone’s flat top on the incoming ion flux and surface temperature. The growth mechanism is relevant to a broad class of nanostructures including nanotips, nanoneedles, and nanowires and can be used to improve the predictability of nanofabrication processes.
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81.05.ub Fullerenes and related materials
81.07.De Nanotubes
68.65.La Quantum wires (patterned in quantum wells)
52.77.Dq Plasma-based ion implantation and deposition
61.80.-x Physical radiation effects, radiation damage

Hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon electrodes connected by indium phosphide nanowires

Nobuhiko P. Kobayashi, Logeeswaran VJ, M. Saif Islam, Xuema Li, Joseph Straznicky, Shih-Yuan Wang, R. Stanley Williams, and Yong Chen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 113116 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2784935 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 14 September 2007

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The authors report the connection of two planar hydrogenated silicon (Si:H) electrodes by intersecting and bridging indium phosphide nanowires (InP NWs). A simple metal-semiconductor-metal photoconductor was used as a test vehicle to measure electrical and optical characteristics of the connected InP NWs. This implementation of III-V compound semiconductor nanowires on Si:H combines the characteristics of a direct bandgap semiconductor with the flexible fabrication processes of non-single-crystal silicon platforms that do not require single-crystal substrates.
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82.45.Yz Nanostructured materials in electrochemistry
81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
72.40.+w Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects
82.45.Fk Electrodes
73.40.Sx Metal-semiconductor-metal structures

Development of a nano-Al/CuO based energetic material on silicon substrate

Kaili Zhang, Carole Rossi, G. A. Ardila Rodriguez, Christophe Tenailleau, and Pierre Alphonse

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 113117 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2785132 (3 pages) | Cited 23 times

Online Publication Date: 14 September 2007

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Nanoenergetic materials (nEMs) have improved performances compared to their bulk counterpart or microcounterpart. The authors propose an approach to synthesize an Al/CuO based nEM that has several advantages over previous investigations such as enhanced contact, reduced impurities and Al oxidation, tailored dimensions, and easier integration into microsystem. CuO nanowires are synthesized by thermally annealing Cu film deposited onto silicon. Nano-Al is integrated with the nanowires to realize an Al/CuO based nEM. The synthesized nEM is characterized by scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry.
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81.07.-b Nanoscale materials and structures: fabrication and characterization
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
68.65.La Quantum wires (patterned in quantum wells)
68.35.Ct Interface structure and roughness
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments

Magnetic excitation of magnetic resonance in metamaterials at far-infrared frequencies

Atsushi Ishikawa, Takuo Tanaka, and Satoshi Kawata

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 113118 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2785167 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 14 September 2007

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The authors experimentally demonstrated magnetically excited magnetic resonances with negative magnetic permeability in a metamaterial composed of an array of silver rod pairs. In transmission spectroscopy of the metamaterial, by employing oblique incidence, an incident-magnetic-field-dependent absorption feature was clearly observed at 18 THz. The experimental results directly prove that the rod pair structure interacted with the magnetic field of the incident light, producing magnetic resonance. The experimental results were in good agreement with a numerical simulation suggesting that the value of μRe of the silver rod pair array changes from −0.29 to 2.26 at resonance.
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76.50.+g Ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, and ferrimagnetic resonances; spin-wave resonance
42.70.-a Optical materials

In situ encapsulation of copper nanoparticles by the dielectric barrier discharge

Haile Lei, Yongjian Tang, Jun Li, Jiangshan Luo, and Jingmin Zhang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 113119 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2785950 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 14 September 2007

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An experimental investigation is reported on in situ encapsulating copper nanoparticles with a nanolayer of hydrocarbon coating. Copper nanoparticles produced by the flow-levitation method are in situ encapsulated by the dielectric barrier discharge, which generates carbon and hydrogen plasmas for forming a polymerized nanolayer of hydrocarbon at the surface of Cu nanoparticles. The structural, chemical components and optical properties of the encapsulated Cu nanoparticles are characterized by transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectra, x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectra, and UV-visible absorption.
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81.07.-b Nanoscale materials and structures: fabrication and characterization
81.15.-z Methods of deposition of films and coatings; film growth and epitaxy
61.46.Df Structure of nanocrystals and nanoparticles ("colloidal" quantum dots but not gate-isolated embedded quantum dots)
82.35.-x Polymers: properties; reactions; polymerization
78.40.Kc Metals, semimetals, and alloys
82.80.Pv Electron spectroscopy (X-ray photoelectron (XPS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), etc.)

Ultrafast reconstruction of graphite by irradiating with highly charged ions

Yoshiyuki Miyamoto

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 113120 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2785952 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 14 September 2007

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Irradiating with highly charged Ar ions (Ar8+) causes an unanticipated structural reconstruction of graphite [ T. Meguro et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 3866 (2001) ] with a particular incidence energy of 400 eV. To analyze this result, it is necessary to take into account charge transfer dynamics and ion dynamics simultaneously, which is not included in conventional first-principles scheme. An application of the time-dependent density functional theory coupled with molecular dynamics showed a variety of reconstructions (single vacancies, interlayer bridges, and sp3-like bonds) depending on Ar8+ incidence energies and should stimulate further research over a wide range of the incident energies.
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68.35.B- Structure of clean surfaces (and surface reconstruction)
82.30.Fi Ion-molecule, ion-ion, and charge-transfer reactions
61.80.Jh Ion radiation effects
61.82.Ms Insulators
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