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1 Oct 2007

Volume 91, Issue 14, Articles (14xxxx)

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 143101 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2789812 (3 pages)

Hyun S. Kim, Hua Qin, and Robert H. Blick
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Data retention characteristics of Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12 thin films on conductive SrRuO3 electrodes

Jang-Sik Lee, B. S. Kang, and Q. X. Jia

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 142901 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2780118 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 1 October 2007

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Ferroelectric Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12 (BLT) thin films were deposited on SrRuO3 (SRO) and Pt electrodes by pulsed laser deposition. The data retention characteristics of the BLT films on different electrode materials were characterized. The experimental results are well fitted by a stretched exponential decay model, indicating that BLT films on both Pt and SRO exhibit the similar decay mechanisms. However, the decay behavior is quite different due to the use of different bottom electrodes. The superior data retention performance of BLT film on conductive SRO electrode is believed to be from the reduction of domain polarization backswitching originated from the oxygen vacancies in the depletion region of BLT films.
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85.50.Gk Non-volatile ferroelectric memories
77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization
77.80.Fm Switching phenomena
77.55.-g Dielectric thin films
81.15.Fg Pulsed laser ablation deposition

A model for the polarization hysteresis loops of the perovskite-type ferroelectric thin films

Feng Yang, M. H. Tang, Y. C. Zhou, X. J. Zheng, F. Liu, J. X. Tang, J. J. Zhang, J. Zhang, and Chang Q. Sun

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 142902 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2794421 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 1 October 2007

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A model has been developed for the P-E hysteresis behavior from the perspective of dipole switching. Hysteresis loops have been reproduced with the model to agree reasonably well with the experimental data measured from various ferroelectric thin films. The model can also predict asymmetric hysteresis loop measured under unconventional situation. Additionally, the mathematical description can be easily combined with electronic design automation software in circuit simulation of ferroelectric capacitor or ferroelectric field effect transistor.
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77.80.Dj Domain structure; hysteresis
77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization
77.55.-g Dielectric thin films

Contrasting aging behavior of as-grown and annealed BaTiO3 single crystals grown by KF-flux technique

Huixin Bao, Lixue Zhang, Yu Wang, WenFeng Liu, Chao Zhou, and Xiaobing Ren

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 142903 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2790480 (3 pages) | Cited 20 times

Online Publication Date: 2 October 2007

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Acceptor-doped ferroelectrics generally show a pronounced aging effect. However, the KF-flux-grown BaTiO3 single crystals, which are known to contain acceptor impurities K+, show no aging effect. This exception poses a potential challenge to the current understanding of ferroelectric aging and may provide a clue for reducing aging effect in acceptor-doped ferroelectrics. To solve this puzzle, we compared the ferroelectric and dielectric aging effects of the as-grown and annealed KF-flux-grown BaTiO3 single crystals. We found that although the as-grown BaTiO3 showed almost no aging effect, the annealed BaTiO3 showed clear aging effect. Chemical analysis revealed that the as-grown crystals contain not only acceptor impurity K+ but also higher concentration of anion donor F−; on the other hand, the annealed crystals contain mostly K+, as a result of F− evaporation. Based on defect chemistry analysis and the microscopic mechanism of the aging, the difference in the aging behavior of the two kinds of crystal is fully explained. Our result suggests that besides the thermodynamic driving force due to the symmetry-conforming short-range ordering of point defects, kinetic factors (the mobility of point defects) also play a crucial role in determining whether or not aging appears. Donor doping is an effective way to reduce the aging effect through eliminating mobile oxygen vacancies.
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81.10.Dn Growth from solutions
61.72.Cc Kinetics of defect formation and annealing
77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
61.72.S- Impurities in crystals
61.72.J- Point defects and defect clusters
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments

Ferroelectric properties of lead zirconate titanate under radial load

T. Granzow, Th. Leist, A. B. Kounga, E. Aulbach, and J. Rödel

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 142904 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2794410 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 2 October 2007

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Ferroelectric and ferroelastic properties are closely entwined in piezoelectric perovskites. Research on this topic has been mostly limited to collinear action of electric field and mechanical load. Here, the effect of a radial mechanical load and an axial electric field applied simultaneously to a cylindrical lead zirconate titanate sample is investigated. The dielectric constant after poling under load indicates that domain wall movement is facilitated, while the number of domain walls is reduced. Hysteresis measurements show that the remnant polarization and coercive field depend characteristically on the load, with a clear behavior change at the ferroelastic coercive stress.
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77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
77.80.Dj Domain structure; hysteresis
77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization
77.22.Ch Permittivity (dielectric function)
77.65.-j Piezoelectricity and electromechanical effects

Modeling and the signal-to-noise ratio research of magnetoelectric sensors at low frequency

Zengping Xing, Jiefang Li, and Dwight Viehland

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 142905 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2794435 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 2 October 2007

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The authors have modeled magnetoelectric (ME) laminate sensor units by considering both the ME laminate and detection circuitry. Theory predicts and experiments confirm that the signal-to-noise ratio increases with increasing frequency in the low frequency range. Our findings provide useful insights into ME sensitivity estimation and “real-world” low frequency magnetic anomaly detection by ME sensors.
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07.55.-w Magnetic instruments and components
07.07.Df Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing

Processing control of phase separation, cation ordering, and the dielectric properties of Ba3(Co0.6Zn0.4)Nb2O9

P. M. Mallinson, M. J. Rosseinsky, R. M. Ibberson, T. Price, and D. M. Iddles

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 142906 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2785987 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 3 October 2007

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The dielectric and crystallographic properties of the ceramic Ba3(Co0.6Zn0.4)Nb2O9 have been investigated in relation to the processing schedule. Regimes incorporating slow cooling or a lower-temperature annealing stage are found to enhance the dielectric properties with the unloaded quality factor value increasing up to Qu = 24 300 at 3.21 GHz, as compared with Qu = 14 425 at 3.21 GHz using the standard schedule, while high relative permittivity εr = 34 is retained. High-resolution neutron powder diffraction studies reveal the materials to be biphasic assemblages of trigonal perovskites which exhibit varying degrees of cation order. The higher Q samples are found to contain the highest proportion of the fully cation-ordered phase.
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77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
77.22.Ch Permittivity (dielectric function)
64.75.-g Phase equilibria
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments

Discovery of Bragg confined hybrid modes with high Q factor in a hollow dielectric resonator

Jean-Michel le Floch, Michael E. Tobar, David Mouneyrac, Dominique Cros, and Jerzy Krupka

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 142907 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2794413 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 3 October 2007

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The authors report on observation of Bragg confined mode in a hollow cylindrical dielectric cavity. A resonance was observed at 13.4 GHz with an unloaded Q factor of order 2×105, which is more than a factor of 6 above the dielectric loss limit. Previously, such modes have only been realized from pure transverse electric modes with no azimuthal variations and only the Eϕ component. From rigorous numeric simulations, it is shown that the mode is a hybrid mode with nonzero azimuthal variations and with dominant Er and Eϕ electric field components and Hz magnetic field component.
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85.50.-n Dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric devices
84.40.Az Waveguides, transmission lines, striplines

Barrier performance of ultrathin Ni–Ti film for integrating ferroelectric capacitors on Si

B. T. Liu, X. B. Yan, X. Zhang, C. S. Cheng, F. Li, F. Bian, Q. X. Zhao, Q. L. Guo, Y. L. Wang, X. H. Li, X. Y. Zhang, C. R. Li, and Y. S. Wang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 142908 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2794734 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 4 October 2007

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Ultrathin amorphous Ni–Ti film is investigated as conductive diffusion barrier layer to integrate La0.5Sr0.5CoO3/PbZr0.4Ti0.6O3/La0.5Sr0.5CoO3 (LSCO/PZT/LSCO) capacitors on silicon. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results demonstrate that Ni in LSCO/Ni–Ti/Si heterostructure is not oxidized after 550 °C annealing in oxygen. The structural properties of LSCO/PZT/LSCO/Ni–Ti/Si are characterized by x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. It is found that Ni–Ti film is still amorphous and that there are no discernible reactions at the interfaces of the sample. LSCO/PZT/LSCO capacitor, measured at 5 V, possesses very good ferroelectric properties, such as low coercive field ( ∼ 1.28 V), high remnant polarization ( ∼ 27.9 μC/cm2), and good fatigue-free characteristic, implying that ultrathin amorphous Ni–Ti film can be used as barrier layer for fabricating high-density ferroelectric random access memories.
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84.32.Tt Capacitors
85.50.-n Dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric devices

Natural focusing of x rays from ferroelectric lithium niobate wafers

Stephen Durbin, Terrence Jach, Sungwon Kim, and Venkatraman Gopalan

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 142909 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2794404 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 5 October 2007

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The interaction of waves with inhomogeneous media leads to the natural focusing of light, the channelling of waves into stable caustics. We have extended natural focusing to x rays, observing caustics in topographs of ferroelectric lithium niobate. Voltage across domains of reversed polarity induces perturbations to the local crystal planes, producing dramatic variations in the images. Ray tracing shows a “catastrophic” discontinuity, causing bright focal lines. Analysis reveals details of boundary strains and local ferroelectric properties. Controlled focusing could be extended to designed domain patterns to probe microstructural properties, and also to a type of voltage-controlled ferroelectric optics for x rays.
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41.50.+h X-ray beams and x-ray optics
07.85.-m X- and γ-ray instruments
77.80.-e Ferroelectricity and antiferroelectricity

Magnetoelectric coupling of [00l]-oriented Pb(Zr0.4Ti0.6)O3–Ni0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4 multilayered thin films

Sangwoo Ryu, Jung H. Park, and Hyun M. Jang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 142910 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2798054 (3 pages) | Cited 31 times

Online Publication Date: 5 October 2007

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Multilayered thin films consisting of alternatively stacking Pb(Zr0.4Ti0.6)O3 (PZT) and Ni0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4 (NZFO) layers were fabricated to exploit a strain-mediated coupling of piezoelectricity and magnetostriction. The 450-nm-thick PZT/NZFO multilayer fabricated by pulsed laser deposition showed magnetodielectric effects upon applying a static magnetic field. The magnetoelectric (ME) susceptibility values estimated using these magnetodielectric responses were in the range of 15–30 mV/cm Oe at a zero magnetic-field strength and were comparable to those obtained using a more commonly employed “dynamic” ME method.
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75.80.+q Magnetomechanical effects, magnetostriction
77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
77.65.Ly Strain-induced piezoelectric fields
77.55.-g Dielectric thin films
75.70.Cn Magnetic properties of interfaces (multilayers, superlattices, heterostructures)
75.50.Dd Nonmetallic ferromagnetic materials
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