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LASERS, OPTICS, AND OPTOELECTRONICS

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Two-dimensional polymer photonic crystal band-edge lasers fabricated by nanoimprint lithography

V. Reboud, P. Lovera, N. Kehagias, M. Zelsmann, C. Schuster, F. Reuther, G. Gruetzner, G. Redmond, and C. M. Sotomayor Torres

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 151101 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2798250 (3 pages) | Cited 21 times

Online Publication Date: 8 October 2007

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We report on the fabrication and characterization of two-dimensional polymer photonic crystal band-edge lasers operating in the visible range. The components have been fabricated in a dye chromophore-loaded polymer matrix by nanoimprint lithography. High-symmetry band-edge modes are used to generate laser emission. The experimental lasing frequencies are in good agreement with those calculated using a two-dimensional plane wave algorithm. These results demonstrate the potential of nanoimprint lithography for the fabrication of two-dimensional planar photonic crystal structures in an active medium in a one-step process.

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42.55.Tv	Photonic crystal lasers and coherent effects
42.82.Cr	Fabrication techniques; lithography, pattern transfer

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Midinfrared lead-chalcogenide vertical external cavity surface emitting laser with 5 μm wavelength

M. Rahim, M. Arnold, F. Felder, K. Behfar, and H. Zogg

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 151102 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2798254 (3 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 8 October 2007

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Midinfrared vertical external cavity surface emitting lasers for 5 μm wavelength have been realized. The active parts consist either of a 2 μm thick PbTe gain layer or of two 150 nm PbTe layers embedded in Pb_1−xEu_xTe barriers, and an epitaxial two pair Pb_1−yEu_yTe/BaF₂ Bragg mirror. They are optically pumped with a 1.5 μm laser. No precautions for efficient heat removal were implemented. The two-layer structure emits 1–2 mW continuous wave at 95 K with threshold pump power as low as ∼ 300 mW. In pulsed mode, peak powers are >50 mW, and lasing occurs up to ∼ 140 K.

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42.55.Px	Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
42.60.By	Design of specific laser systems
42.60.Da	Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings

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Highly directional radiation pattern of microdisk cavities

E. Peter, A. Dousse, P. Voisin, A. Lemaître, D. Martrou, A. Cavanna, J. Bloch, and P. Senellart

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 151103 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2789956 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 8 October 2007

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The far field radiation pattern of microdisk cavities embedding a quantum well is measured through angle resolved microphotoluminescence. The radiation pattern presents two narrow lobes slightly off the disk plane, in apparent contradiction with previous theoretical predictions. The observed radiation pattern is shown to result from interferences with light reflected by the sample substrate. It can be fully reproduced given the microdisk precise geometry as well as the whispering gallery mode azimuthal number.

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78.67.De	Quantum wells
78.55.-m	Photoluminescence, properties and materials
42.79.-e	Optical elements, devices, and systems

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Relaxation of transport properties in electron-doped SrTiO₃

Moty Schultz and Lior Klein

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 151104 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2795336 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2007

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We electron-dope single crystal samples of SrTiO₃ by exposing them to Ar⁺ irradiation and observe carrier mobility similar in its magnitude and temperature dependence to the carrier mobility in other electron-doped SrTiO₃ systems. We find that some transport properties are time dependent. In particular, the sheet resistance increases with time at a temperature-dependent rate, suggesting an activation barrier on the order of 1 eV. We attribute the relaxation effects to diffusion of oxygen vacancies—a process with energy barrier similar to the observed activation energy.

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72.20.Fr	Low-field transport and mobility; piezoresistance
61.80.Jh	Ion radiation effects
61.82.Ms	Insulators
66.30.Lw	Diffusion of other defects
61.72.J-	Point defects and defect clusters

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Nanocrystals in silicon photonic crystal standing-wave cavities as spin-photon phase gates for quantum information processing

Y.-F. Xiao, J. Gao, X. Yang, R. Bose, G.-C. Guo, and C. W. Wong

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 151105 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2795798 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2007

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By virtue of a silicon high-Q photonic crystal nanocavity, we propose and examine theoretically interactions between a stationary electron spin qubit of a semiconductor nanocrystal and a flying photon qubit. Firstly, we introduce, derive, and demonstrate the explicit conditions toward realization of a spin-photon phase gate, and propose these interactions as a generalized quantum interface for quantum information processing. Secondly, we examine single-spin-induced reflections as direct evidence of intrinsic bare and dressed modes in our coupled nanocrystal-cavity system.

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42.70.Qs	Photonic bandgap materials
42.50.-p	Quantum optics

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Bistability and nonlinear gain in 1.55 μm vertical cavity semiconductor optical amplifiers: Theory and experiments

Antonio Hurtado, Ian D. Henning, and Michael J. Adams

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 151106 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2798053 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 11 October 2007

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We report experimental measurements of power and wavelength optical bistability and nonlinear gain in two 1.55 μm vertical-cavity semiconductor optical amplifiers operated in reflection. Anticlockwise and clockwise nonlinear switching and bistability, both with high on-off contrast ratio up to 3.5:1, have been observed in the optical power and wavelength domains. Theoretical modeling gives excellent agreement with the experimental measurements.

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42.55.Px	Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
42.65.Pc	Optical bistability, multistability, and switching, including local field effects

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Intense 1540 nm emission from Er doped Ce:YAG phosphor

Jian Xin Meng, Kok Wai Cheah, Zhao Pu Shi, and Jin Qing Li

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 151107 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2785136 (3 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 11 October 2007

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A very efficient energy transfer from Ce³⁺ to Er³⁺ in yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) matrix is observed. The transfer gives about 1000 times enhancement to the Er³⁺ 1540 nm emission. This is due to efficient absorption by the allowed 4f-5d transition of Ce³⁺ ions then transfer to Er³⁺ ions via a matched energy level ⁴F_9/2. Thus the 1540 nm emission was strongly sensitized by exciting an allowed transition in an inorganic matrix. In fact, the 1540 nm emission was further enhanced via the cross-relaxation process ²F_5/2→²F_7/2(Ce³⁺), ⁴I_11/2→⁴I_13/2(Er³⁺). The result means that a new class of material, Ce Er:YAG, was produced and it potentially can be an efficient near-IR emitter.

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78.55.Hx

Other solid inorganic materials

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Femtosecond laser-written quasi-phase-matched waveguides in lithium niobate

Jens Thomas, Matthias Heinrich, Jonas Burghoff, Stefan Nolte, Antonio Ancona, and Andreas Tünnermann

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 151108 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2799178 (3 pages) | Cited 24 times

Online Publication Date: 11 October 2007

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We report on thermally stable optical waveguides written in periodically poled lithium niobate with a femtosecond laser using a two line approach. Both fundamental and second harmonic light at 1064 and 532 nm are guided with low damping losses. In a 10-mm-long sample a conversion efficiency of 58% was achieved.

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42.79.Gn	Optical waveguides and couplers
42.65.Wi	Nonlinear waveguides

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Enhanced transmission of periodic, quasiperiodic, and random nanoaperture arrays

Carsten Rockstuhl, Falk Lederer, Thomas Zentgraf, and Harald Giessen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 151109 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2799240 (3 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 12 October 2007

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We numerically and experimentally show that the enhanced transmission of an array of annular nanoapertures is independent of the nanoaperture’s arrangement. This holds if this enhancement primarily relies on Fabry-Pérot resonances of guided modes in the nanoapertures. We observe a comparable transmission spectrum for a periodic, a quasiperiodic, and even a random nanoaperture arrangement. This complements previous findings where the enhanced transmission of a circular nanoaperture array was shown to rely on the excitation of surface-plasmon polaritons at the metal surface and thus strongly depended on the nanoaperture’s arrangement.

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73.20.Mf	Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)
71.36.+c	Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions)
41.20.Jb	Electromagnetic wave propagation; radiowave propagation

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