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29 Oct 2007

Volume 91, Issue 18, Articles (18xxxx)

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 183501 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2801554 (3 pages)

Aurelien Du Pasquier, Daniel D. T. Mastrogiovanni, Lauren A. Klein, Tong Wang, and Eric Garfunkel
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Piezoelectric properties of irradiation-crosslinked polypropylene ferroelectrets

Xiaoqing Zhang, Jinfeng Huang, Jianbo Chen, Zhenmao Wan, Shu Wang, and Zhongfu Xia

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 182901 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2803316 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 29 October 2007

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The cellular irradiation-cross-linked polypropylene films treated by a hot-press process are corona charged to be piezoelectric. For the samples charged at room temperature, quasistatic piezoelectric d33 coefficients up to 400 pC/N are obtained. The d33 coefficients are slightly dependent on pressure in the range up to 50 kPa. The d33 values decrease to 30% when the samples are exposed to 90 °C for 1 day; a preaging treatment improves the thermal stability of d33. The dominant drift path of the detrapped charges is from one void surface to the adjacent void surface through the bulk of the solid.
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77.84.Jd Polymers; organic compounds
77.65.Bn Piezoelectric and electrostrictive constants
77.55.-g Dielectric thin films

Noise and scale effects on the signal-to-noise ratio in magnetoelectric laminate sensor/detection units

Zengping Xing, Jiefang Li, and D. Viehland

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 182902 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2804118 (3 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 30 October 2007

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We have investigated the output noise level (Eno) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for various magnetoelectric (ME) laminate composites. Our findings show (i) that Eno is nearly independent of materials couple or operational mode and practically determined by the laminate capacitance C and (ii) that the SNR has a scale effect, where it is limited by the volume (V) of the piezoelectric layer. Relations between SNR, V, and the magnetoelectric coefficient (αME) give insights into how to construct ME sensors with enhanced sensitivity to small magnetic variation.
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07.07.Df Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing
75.80.+q Magnetomechanical effects, magnetostriction
77.65.-j Piezoelectricity and electromechanical effects

Dielectric properties and ac conductivities of dense single-phased BiFeO3 ceramics

Jhih-Cyun Chen and Jenn-Ming Wu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 182903 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2798256 (3 pages) | Cited 24 times

Online Publication Date: 30 October 2007

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Dense single-phase BiFeO3(BFO) ferroelectric ceramics, with a resistivity of ∼ 1012 Ω cm, may be formed by sintering the 450 °C-calcined coprecipitated powder at 800–850 °C. The ceramics sintered at 750 °C contain a second phase of Bi2O3. The conduction loss activation energies at room temperatures of −290 and 350–430 °C are 0.126 and 1.26 eV, respectively. The ac conductivity thermal variation suggests ∼ 290 °C as the application limit for BFO ceramics. The loss at T<350 °C is higher for low frequencies than for high frequencies. In contrast, an opposite effect is found at T>350 °C.
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77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
77.80.-e Ferroelectricity and antiferroelectricity
81.20.Ev Powder processing: powder metallurgy, compaction, sintering, mechanical alloying, and granulation
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments
77.22.Ch Permittivity (dielectric function)

Three-dimensional observations of periodically poled domains in a LiTaO3 quasiphase matching crystal by second harmonic generation tomography

Yoshiaki Uesu, Hiroko Yokota, Satoshi Kawado, Junichi Kaneshiro, Sunao Kurimura, and Noritaka Kato

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 182904 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2786589 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 30 October 2007

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Second harmonic generation interference tomography which enables us to obtain three-dimensional images of ferroelectric antiparallel domain structures is devised. Periodically poled domains (PPDs) inside a LiTaO3 quasiphase matching crystal (QPM) are observed by this microscope. Section images perpendicular to the polar z axis show that the PPD structure is maintained throughout the top quarter of the sample but it starts to lose the periodic nature in the bottom half of the sample. Corresponding degradation of the QPM performance is observed along the z direction of the sample.
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42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation
77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
42.30.Wb Image reconstruction; tomography

Ultrawide range dielectric spectroscopy of BaTiO3-based perovskite dielectrics

T. Tsurumi, J. Li, T. Hoshina, H. Kakemoto, M. Nakada, and J. Akedo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 182905 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2804570 (3 pages) | Cited 33 times

Online Publication Date: 31 October 2007

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Ultrawide range dielectric spectra from the kilohertz to terahertz range of BaTiO3 (BT), Ba(Zr0.25Ti0.75)O3 (BZT), (Ba0.6Sr0.4)TiO3 (BST), and SrTiO3 ceramics were presented by analyzing dielectric permittivity and IR reflectivity data. It was found that the permittivity of the ST was determined only by the ionic polarization while that of the BT was determined by the ionic polarization as well as the dipole polarization due to the domain contribution. The high permittivity of the BZT ceramics was attributed to the dipole polarization of polar nanoregions in the relaxors. The dipole and ionic polarizations overlapped in the BST.
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77.22.Ch Permittivity (dielectric function)
77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization

Structural and electrical properties of Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 films grown by molecular beam epitaxy

N. Izyumskaya, V. Avrutin, X. Gu, B. Xiao, S. Chevtchenko, J.-G. Yoon, H. Morkoç, Lin Zhou, and David J. Smith

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 182906 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2804571 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 31 October 2007

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Single-crystal, single-phase Pb(ZrxTi1−x)O3 films (x = 0–0.4) were grown on (001) SrTiO3 and SrTiO3:Nb substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. Layer-by-layer growth of the Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 films was achieved by using PbTiO3 buffer layers between the SrTiO3 substrates and the Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 films. The layers with low Zr content showed high crystallinity with full width at half maximum of ω-rocking curves as low as 4 arc min, whereas increase in Zr concentration led to pronounced angular broadening. The PbZr0.07Ti0.93O3 films exhibited remanent polarization as high as 83 μC/cm2, but local areas suffered from nonuniform leakage current.
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68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology
77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization
77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
81.15.Hi Molecular, atomic, ion, and chemical beam epitaxy

Influence of electrode configuration on dielectric properties of ferroelectric films with interdigital and parallel plate electrodes

Hong Liu, Jianguo Zhu, Dingquan Xiao, Xiaogang Gong, Jin-e Liang, Xuedong Li, and Xiaohong Zhu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 182907 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2794401 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 31 October 2007

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The interdigital electrodes (IDEs) and parallel plate electrodes (PPEs) were prepared by photolithographic techniques and dc sputtering on rf magnetron sputtered lanthanum-modified lead titanate (PLT) films, respectively. The PLT films with IDEs and PPEs exhibit almost the same permittivity at 1 kHz, while the dielectric constant and loss of PLT films with IDE decrease faster than those of the films with PPE as increasing the frequency. The permittivity of the films with IDE can be calculated using a previously developed analytical model. The reasons for the impact of the IDE and PPE on dielectric properties of the films were discussed.
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77.55.-g Dielectric thin films
77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
77.22.Gm Dielectric loss and relaxation
77.22.Ch Permittivity (dielectric function)
77.80.-e Ferroelectricity and antiferroelectricity

Structural and electrical properties of Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 grown on (0001) GaN using a double PbTiO3/PbO bridge layer

Bo Xiao, Xing Gu, Natalia Izyumskaya, Vitaliy Avrutin, Jinqiao Xie, Huiyong Liu, and Hadis Morkoç

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 182908 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2805220 (3 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 31 October 2007

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Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 films were deposited by rf magnetron sputtering on silicon-doped GaN(0001)/c-sapphire with a PbTiO3/PbO oxide bridge layer grown by molecular beam epitaxy. X-ray diffraction data showed the highly (111)-oriented perovskite phase in lead zirconate titanate (PZT) films with PbTiO3/PbO bridge layers, compared to the pyrochlore phase grown directly on GaN. The in-plane epitaxial relationships were found from x-ray pole figures to be PZT[11math]‖GaN[1math00] and PZT[1math0]‖GaN[11math0]. The polarization-electric field measurements revealed the ferroelectric behavior with remanent polarization of 30–40 μC/cm2 and asymmetric hysteresis loops due to the depletion layer formed in GaN under reverse bias which resulted in a high negative coercive electric field (950 kV/cm).
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77.55.-g Dielectric thin films
77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
77.80.Dj Domain structure; hysteresis
77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization
68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology
68.55.Nq Composition and phase identification

Perovskite lithium and bismuth modified potassium-sodium niobium lead-free ceramics for high temperature applications

Hongliang Du, Wancheng Zhou, Fa Luo, Dongmei Zhu, Shaobo Qu, and Zhibin Pei

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 182909 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2800793 (3 pages) | Cited 20 times

Online Publication Date: 2 November 2007

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[(K(1−x)/2Na(1−x)/2Lix)1−3yBiy]NbO3 (abbreviated as KNLBN) ceramics were prepared by conventional solid-state sintering. The addition of Li+ and Bi3+ makes the orthorhombic-tetragonal phase transition temperature (TO-T) decrease from 200 °C for pure (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 ceramics to −10 °C for KNLBN ceramics (x = 0.06, y = 0.005), while maintaining high Curie temperature (TC = 455 °C) and piezoelectric properties (d33 = 185 pC/N, kp = 0.43, kt = 0.45, ε33T/ε0 = 1020, and tan δ = 0.023) at room temperature. In addition, good temperature stability of electrical properties is obtained in KNLBN ceramics (x = 0.06, y = 0.005) owing to the decrease of TO-T. These results indicate that KNLBN (x = 0.06, y = 0.005) ceramic is a promising lead-free piezoelectric candidate material for high temperature applications.
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77.65.-j Piezoelectricity and electromechanical effects
81.20.Ev Powder processing: powder metallurgy, compaction, sintering, mechanical alloying, and granulation
81.05.Je Ceramics and refractories (including borides, carbides, hydrides, nitrides, oxides, and silicides)
64.70.K- Solid-solid transitions
77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
77.80.B- Phase transitions and Curie point

Gradient scaling phenomenon in microsize flexoelectric piezoelectric composites

John Y. Fu, Wenyi Zhu, Nan Li, Nadine B. Smith, and L. Eric Cross

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 182910 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2800794 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 2 November 2007

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The flexoelectric-type piezoelectric composites offer an alternative avenue for the development of piezoelectric ceramics, and since the flexoelectric response is diminished rather than enhanced in lead containing compositions, one of the merits of such composites is that those of highest sensitivity will be lead-free. The composites are fabricated by using certain nonpiezoelectric components with a texture symmetry which breaks up applied uniform fields, leading to the field gradients in the active flexoelectric components of the composites. Since these induced field gradients increase as the composite dimensions decrease, it is logical to expect that the piezoelectric performance of such composites would be enhanced with their reduced sizes. In this letter, we report the experimental studies that confirm such a gradient scaling phenomenon in two flexoelectric piezoelectric composites. The fabrication and measurement of the composites are discussed.
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77.65.-j Piezoelectricity and electromechanical effects
77.84.Lf Composite materials

Diffuse double layer charging in nonpolar liquids

F. Beunis, F. Strubbe, M. Marescaux, K. Neyts, and A. R. M. Verschueren

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 182911 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2805229 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 2 November 2007

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The presence of charges in nonpolar liquids is usually neglected. However, in some applications, they have important effects. In this work, an analytical description is given for the dynamics of diffuse double layers when a voltage step of the order of kT/e is applied. Part of the result is an expression for the current, which is consistent with current measurements on nonpolar liquids and with other works. In measurements for higher voltages, we observe and briefly discuss nonlinear effects. From measurements both at high and at low voltages, we can obtain the same properties of the liquid.
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66.10.C- Diffusion and thermal diffusion
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