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9 Jul 2007

Volume 91, Issue 2, Articles (02xxxx)

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 023101 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2755879 (3 pages)

M. Fendrich and T. Kunstmann
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Organic molecular nanowires: N,N′-dimethylperylene-3,4,9,10-bis(dicarboximide) on KBr(001)

M. Fendrich and T. Kunstmann

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 023101 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2755879 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 9 July 2007

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The growth of N,N′-dimethylperylene-3,4,9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (DiMe-PTCDI) on KBr(001) has been studied by frequency modulation atomic force microscopy. At low coverages, DiMe-PTCDI forms molecular wires with a length of up to 600 nm; at higher coverages, wire networks were found. The height of the wires is two or more molecular layers; if the sample is cooled to 250 K during evaporation, also wires of one layer are found. All wires grow along the [110] and [math10] directions of the KBr(001) substrate. There is no wetting layer of molecules. Atomic resolution of the substrate could be achieved between the wires. Due to their size and shape, the molecular nanowires might act as a model system for organic electronics research on insulating substrates.
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81.07.Nb Molecular nanostructures
81.15.Kk Vapor phase epitaxy; growth from vapor phase
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
68.65.La Quantum wires (patterned in quantum wells)

Circularly polarized emission from colloidal nanocrystal quantum dots confined in microcavities formed by chiral mirrors

Fan Zhang, Jian Xu, Akhlesh Lakhtakia, Sean M. Pursel, Mark W. Horn, and Andrew Wang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 023102 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2751129 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 9 July 2007

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Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystal quantum dots (NQDs) confined in a microcavity device emit resonance-enhanced, circularly polarized (CP) light, when the device consists of a pair of chiral sculptured-thin-film mirrors separated by layers of emissive nanocrystals and spacers that form a λ/2-resonant cavity. The resonant emission from the NQDs within the microcavity is strongly directed normally to the mirror surfaces. It is speculated that the enhanced coupling between the NQD excitons and the confined electromagnetic field resulted in the observed CP emission from the embedded NQDs with significant improvements in the light output's directionality and color purity.
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78.67.Hc Quantum dots
78.67.Bf Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, and nanoclusters
78.55.-m Photoluminescence, properties and materials
82.70.Dd Colloids
42.79.Bh Lenses, prisms and mirrors

Active Q control in tuning-fork-based atomic force microscopy

Junghoon Jahng, Manhee Lee, Hanheol Noh, Yongho Seo, and Wonho Jhe

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 023103 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2753112 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 9 July 2007

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The authors present comprehensive theoretical analysis and experimental realization of active Q control for the self-oscillating quartz tuning fork (TF). It is shown that the quality factor Q can be increased (decreased) by adding the signal of any phase lag, with respect to the drive signal, in the range of θ1 to θ1+π (θ1+π to θ1+2π), where θ1 is the characteristic constant of TF. Experimentally, the nominal Q value of 4.7×103 is decreased to 1.8×103 or increased to 5.0×104 in ambient condition, where the minimum detectable force is estimated to be 4.9×10−14 N at 1 Hz. The novel Q control scheme demonstrated in the widely used quartz TF is expected to contribute much to scanning probe microscopy of, in particular, soft and biological materials.
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87.80.-y Biophysical techniques (research methods)
87.64.Dz Scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy

Grating induced micelle alignment of mesostructured silica films

Minhao Yan, Mark J. Henderson, and Alain Gibaud

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 023104 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2755722 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 9 July 2007

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A two-dimensional hexagonal film was produced by the evaporation-induced self-assembly route using the triblock copolymer (EO20PO70EO20) as the structure directing agent. The film was deposited between the walls of a grating of 450 nm period and 55 nm average line depths by dip coating the substrate in the direction perpendicular to the lines of the grating. In the case where film thicknesses were less than the height of grating walls, the orientation of the micelles was directed by the walls of the grating. Observation of the mesostructured film using atomic force microscopy after chemical etching revealed the internal structure.
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68.55.A- Nucleation and growth
68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology
81.15.Lm Liquid phase epitaxy; deposition from liquid phases (melts, solutions, and surface layers on liquids)
82.70.Dd Colloids
81.65.Cf Surface cleaning, etching, patterning

Impact dynamics and rebound of water droplets on superhydrophobic carbon nanotube arrays

Z. Wang, C. Lopez, A. Hirsa, and N. Koratkar

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 023105 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2756296 (3 pages) | Cited 23 times

Online Publication Date: 9 July 2007

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The authors report the impact response of water droplets impinging on superhydrophobic carbon nanotube arrays and observe that arrays with different wetting properties display significantly different responses. For an array with a static contact angle of 163°, the droplet bounces off the surface several times, while for an array with a reduced contact angle of 140°, the droplet does not rebound and remains pinned. The contact angle hysteresis and contact line pinning for the 140° array suggest that the momentum of the droplet during the initial impact enables it to penetrate and displace the air pockets that are responsible for the superhydrophobicity of the array under static conditions.
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68.03.Cd Surface tension and related phenomena
68.08.Bc Wetting

Nanoscale analysis of interfaces in a metal/oxide/oxide trilayer obtained by pulsed laser deposition

T. Fix, C. Ulhaq-Bouillet, S. Colis, A. Dinia, G. Bertoni, J. Verbeeck, and G. Van Tendeloo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 023106 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2755699 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 9 July 2007

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Sr2FeMoO6/SrTiO3/CoFe2 trilayers grown by pulsed laser deposition on SrTiO3 (001) are investigated by transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy. The stack is epitaxial, independent of whether the CoFe2 electrode is grown at 500 or at 50 °C. Thus it is possible to obtain epitaxy near room temperature. The SrTiO3/CoFe2 interface is quite sharp, while the Sr2FeMoO6/SrTiO3 interface presents regions of Fe depletion. The chemical composition of the films is close to the nominal stoichiometries. These results could be useful for the growth of heteroepitaxial devices and magnetic tunnel junctions.
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68.65.Ac Multilayers
68.35.Ct Interface structure and roughness
79.20.Uv Electron energy loss spectroscopy
61.66.Bi Elemental solids
61.66.Dk Alloys
81.07.-b Nanoscale materials and structures: fabrication and characterization
81.15.Fg Pulsed laser ablation deposition

Laser direct write of silver nanoparticles from solution onto glass substrates for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

S. J. Henley and S. R. P. Silva

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 023107 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2753090 (3 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 10 July 2007

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A solution based laser direct write technique for patterning of glass substrates with silver nanoparticles is presented. Photoreduction of an AgNO3 solution, by nanosecond UV laser pulses, produces a source solution of silver particles. A glass substrate is then inserted into this solution and the laser is scanned over its surface. Laser-induced fragmentation of the silver particles in the solution, assisted by the melting of the glass surface, produces coatings of silver nanoparticles in the laser-irradiated regions. Strong enhancement of the Raman signal from a dilute Rhodamine 6G analyte confirmed that these substrates are suitable for surface-enhanced Raman measurements.
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81.16.Rf Micro- and nanoscale pattern formation
42.62.-b Laser applications
78.35.+c Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering; other light scattering
42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression

Depth profile of alloying extent and composition in bimetallic nanoparticles investigated by in situ x-ray absorption spectroscopy

B. J. Hwang, L. S. Sarma, C. H. Chen, M. T. Tang, D. G. Liu, and J. F. Lee

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 023108 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2755876 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 10 July 2007

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The authors report a general methodology for probing the depth profile of alloying extent and composition in bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) by a combined in situ x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and electrochemical strategy. The XAS results of Pt-richcore–Ru-richshell NPs during methanol electro-oxidation revealed that the alloying extent of Pt (JPt) and Ru (JRu) is higher in the core region compared to those in the shell region. An average decrease in the JPt and JRu is observed when the cluster undergoes reduction. By controlling the cluster oxidation degree it is possible to probe the depth profile of the alloying extent in bimetallic NPs.
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81.65.Mq Oxidation
82.45.Yz Nanostructured materials in electrochemistry
78.70.Dm X-ray absorption spectra

Pneumatically actuated elastomeric device for nanoscale surface patterning

Shifeng Li, Timothy M. Dellinger, Qin Wang, Sandra Szegedi, and Chang Liu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 023109 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2755930 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 10 July 2007

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The authors present a simple polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) device for nanoscale surface patterning by controllably bringing a hard silicon nitride tip on a PDMS membrane in and out of contact with surfaces using pressurized gas to inflate the membrane. The writing process is analogous to contact printing. By regulating the pressured gas to actuate the silicon nitride tip on the PDMS membrane, the nanometer size features can be easily fabricated on substrates. Moreover, using the dot matrix method, this PDMS device can masklessly fabricate arbitrary patterns. In this letter, a nanometer scale three-line pattern is demonstrated.
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85.40.Hp Lithography, masks and pattern transfer

Enhanced electroluminescence in polymer-nanotube composites

Kyu Won Lee, S. P. Lee, H. Choi, Kyu Hyun Mo, Jae Won Jang, H. Kweon, and Cheol Eui Lee

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 023110 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2756290 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 11 July 2007

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Enhanced electroluminescence (EL) was observed with increasing carbon nanotube concentration in the MEH-PPV/SWCNT composites, where MEH-PPV and SWCNTs correspond to poly[2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethyl-hexyloxy)-p-phenylene-vinylene] and single-walled carbon nanotubes, respectively. Spatially separated conduction paths of the two distinct charge carriers, induced by blending SWCNTs with MEH-PPV, may explain the enhanced EL.
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78.60.Fi Electroluminescence
72.80.Tm Composite materials

Acoustic limitations on the efficiency of machining by femtosecond laser-induced optical breakdown

Sanghyun Lee, Joseph L. Bull, and Alan J. Hunt

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 023111 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2752990 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 12 July 2007

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The authors find an unexpected strong influence of acoustic phenomena on the efficiency of water-assisted femtosecond laser nanomachining. Analysis of acoustic interactions across a metastable structure of two phase flow in a nanocapillary, predicts acoustic nodes that strongly limit machining efficiency. Strategies for fabrication of high aspect ratio channels (>1000) are identified: increasing the speed of acoustic transmission delays formation of nodes, and can be accomplished by maximizing hydrogen in the gas phase or by varying pressure. These results reveal that laser machining can be strongly limited by acoustic phenomena not previously considered in the analysis of optical breakdown.
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42.62.Cf Industrial applications
81.20.Wk Machining, milling
42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression
62.65.+k Acoustical properties of solids

Size dependence of thermal properties of armchair carbon nanotubes: A first-principles study

Mousumi Upadhyay Kahaly and Umesh V. Waghmare

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 023112 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2753095 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 12 July 2007

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The authors use first-principles pseudopotential-based density functional theory calculations of phonon dispersions to determine the size dependence of thermal properties of armchair single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), such as their negative thermal expansion and specific heat. While the specific heat is found to depend rather weakly on the diameter of SWCNTs, their negative thermal expansion behavior determined within a quasiharmonic approximation (QHA) exhibits a relatively strong dependence on the diameter. They identify the low energy vibrational modes that are responsible for the negative thermal expansion.
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65.80.-g Thermal properties of small particles, nanocrystals, nanotubes, and other related systems
63.22.-m Phonons or vibrational states in low-dimensional structures and nanoscale materials
65.40.De Thermal expansion; thermomechanical effects
65.40.Ba Heat capacity
63.20.D- Phonon states and bands, normal modes, and phonon dispersion

Investigation of fluid cell resonances in intermittent contact mode atomic force microscopy

J. Kokavecz and A. Mechler

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 023113 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2753104 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 12 July 2007

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In fluid, the probe resonance curve of the atomic force microscope contains several apparent resonance peaks whose origin is not well understood. In this work, the authors focus on identifying the cause of these peaks and finding the optimal imaging conditions for acoustic intermittent contact mode in fluid environment. The authors demonstrate that the peaks are also present in the spectrum of the fluid movement and in that of the shaker piezo. These peaks may or may not coincide with the natural resonance of a probe in liquid, thus it is possible to drive the probes off-resonance. Numerical calculations show the feasibility of off-resonance imaging, but predict much higher imaging force.
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68.37.Ps Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
42.30.-d Imaging and optical processing

Metal-enhanced superoxide generation: A consequence of plasmon-enhanced triplet yields

Yongxia Zhang, Kadir Aslan, Michael J. R. Previte, and Chris D. Geddes

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 023114 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2753718 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 12 July 2007

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The authors report significant enhancements in the generation of superoxide for fluorophores in close proximity to silver nanoparticles. A distance dependence study of the fluorophores from the metallic nanostructures, combined with carefully chosen control samples, confirms that the enhancements in superoxide generation are due to plasmon-enhanced triplet yields, a consequence of the distance dependent sensitizer extent of excitation. This observation strongly agrees with current models developed by the authors. Given that the generation of superoxide and other oxygen species is important for many chemical and biological applications, then we believe that our findings are likely to fuel a wealth of oxygen-based plasmon-enhanced triplet assays.
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78.55.Kz Solid organic materials
73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)
71.35.-y Excitons and related phenomena

Ultrafast optical generation and remote detection of terahertz sound using semiconductor superlattices

M. Trigo, T. A. Eckhause, J. K. Wahlstrand, R. Merlin, M. Reason, and R. S. Goldman

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 023115 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2754353 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 12 July 2007

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The authors introduce an all-optical approach to study the propagation of high frequency acoustic phonons in which the generation and detection involves two spatially separated superlattices ∼ 1 μm apart. Propagating modes of frequencies up to ∼ 1 THz escape from the superlattice where they are generated and reach the second superlattice where they are detected and spectrally resolved using pump-probe techniques. The measured frequency spectrum reveals finite size effects, which can be accounted for by a continuum elastic model.
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42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression
43.58.-e Acoustical measurements and instrumentation
43.38.Gy Semiconductor transducers
63.22.-m Phonons or vibrational states in low-dimensional structures and nanoscale materials

High efficiency of CdSe quantum-dot-sensitized TiO2 inverse opal solar cells

Lina J. Diguna, Qing Shen, Junya Kobayashi, and Taro Toyoda

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 023116 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2757130 (3 pages) | Cited 117 times

Online Publication Date: 12 July 2007

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The authors have demonstrated an approach to sensitized-type solar cells, based on TiO2 inverse opal and the use of CdSe quantum dots (QDs) as sensitizers. CdSe QDs were grown in situ on TiO2 inverse opal electrodes, utilizing a chemical bath deposition method. All of the photovoltaic performances, including short circuit photocurrent density, open circuit voltage, fill factor, and efficiency, were significantly improved by surface modification with ZnS and fluoride ions. A power conversion efficiency of about 2.7% has been attained, under solar illumination of 100 mW/cm2. This value is relatively high for metal oxide solar cells, sensitized with semiconductor QDs.
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84.60.Jt Photoelectric conversion

Quantitative atomic force measurement with a quartz tuning fork

Manhee Lee, Junghoon Jahng, Kyungho Kim, and Wonho Jhe

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 023117 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2756125 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 12 July 2007

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The authors demonstrate a simple yet robust method for quantitative measurement of dynamic atomic force using the quartz tuning fork for both electrically driven mode and mechanically driven mode. It is shown that both modes can be made fully equivalent and also allow accurate force measurement. The quartz tuning fork is now expected to be widely employed as a quantitative force measurement probe in addition to its capability to surface image in the atomic scale.
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07.10.Pz Instruments for strain, force, and torque

Relaxor behavior of (K0.5Bi0.5)TiO3 ceramics derived from molten salt synthesized single-crystalline nanowires

Jianfeng Yang, Yudong Hou, Chao Wang, Mankang Zhu, and Hui Yan

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 023118 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2754366 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 13 July 2007

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Single-crystalline K0.5Bi0.5TiO3 nanowires have been fabricated by a large scale and facile molten salt synthetic method in a KCl medium. Pristine nanowires have diameters of about 40 nm and lengths exceeding 4 μm, and they possess tetragonal perovskite structure. The K0.5Bi0.5TiO3 ceramics with a relative density above 98% can be fabricated from high quality nanowires. A broad dielectric peak with frequency dependent dielectric maximum temperature was observed, which can be well fitted by a modified Curie-Weiss law and a Vogel-Fulcher relationship. The suggested relaxor behavior in K0.5Bi0.5TiO3 composition is possibly due to the A-site compositional fluctuations at the nanolevel.
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77.22.Gm Dielectric loss and relaxation
68.65.La Quantum wires (patterned in quantum wells)

Microwave absorbing performances of multiwalled carbon nanotube composites with negative permeability

Longjiang Deng and Mangui Han

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 023119 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2755875 (3 pages) | Cited 44 times

Online Publication Date: 13 July 2007

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The permittivity and permeability behaviors of composites made from the multiwalled carbon nanotubes with magnetic impurity Ni and the wax have been studied in 3–18 GHz. The unusual permittivity dispersion behaviors have been explained based on the Cole-Cole model and the conductivity contribution model. Permeability is found to have negative imaginary parts within 3–11 GHz. The composites are found to show good microwave absorbing performances (reflection loss <−20 dB): matching thickness is 1.5 mm and absorbing frequency band is 11.6–12.4 GHz, and the absorbing performance can be explained by the “geometrical effect.”
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78.70.Gq Microwave and radio-frequency interactions
77.22.Ch Permittivity (dielectric function)
78.67.Ch Nanotubes

Enhanced electro-optical properties in gold nanoparticles doped ferroelectric liquid crystals

S. Kaur, S. P. Singh, A. M. Biradar, Amit Choudhary, and K. Sreenivas

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 023120 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2756136 (3 pages) | Cited 41 times

Online Publication Date: 13 July 2007

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Influential electro-optical and textural properties in the smectic C* phase have been observed using gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) in ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLCs). An application of mere 0.1 V brings fivefold increase in optical tilt and doping creates a strong intrinsic field inside the sample generating high tilt and a reproducible observation of memory effect. The lowering of threshold voltage and the enhanced optical contrast is probably due to the interaction of electron wave oscillation in Au NPs with the incident light traversing through the FLC molecules.
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77.84.Nh Liquids, emulsions, and suspensions; liquid crystals
78.67.Bf Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, and nanoclusters
78.20.Jq Electro-optical effects
61.72.up Other materials

High speed atomic force microscope lithography driven by electrostatic interaction

Lei Ding, Yan Li, Haibin Chu, Changqing Li, Zhaohui Yang, Weiwei Zhou, and Zi Kang Tang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 023121 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2756138 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 13 July 2007

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This letter paper describes a scanning probe lithography method for fabricating patterns of various nanoparticles on SiOx/Si substrate. The electrostatic interaction resulting from the charge separation caused by the friction between the atomic force microscope (AFM) tip and the substrate was utilized as the driving force for the deposition of nanoparticles. The nanoparticles loaded on the tip were transported onto the substrate as the AFM tip moved at a speed as high as hundreds of μm/s. This method allows patterning functional inorganic nanoparticles with a deliberate control over the feature size and shape.
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81.16.Nd Micro- and nanolithography
81.16.Rf Micro- and nanoscale pattern formation
07.79.Lh Atomic force microscopes
61.46.Df Structure of nanocrystals and nanoparticles ("colloidal" quantum dots but not gate-isolated embedded quantum dots)

Probe-surface interaction mapping in amplitude modulation atomic force microscopy by integrating amplitude-distance and amplitude-frequency curves

V. V. Prokhorov and S. A. Saunin

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 023122 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2756271 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 13 July 2007

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The procedure integrating independent amplitude-distance and amplitude-frequency measurements into a single routine with two variables (frequency and distance) has been developed. The domains of attraction and repulsion regimes of probe-surface interactions are clearly identified on two-dimensional patterns in frequency-distance space due to the stepwise change in a slope of constant amplitude lines and their shear on boundaries. Pattern evolution with the driving amplitude variation was studied, and three characteristic pattern types were selected. The topology of patterns obtained at intermediate drivings indicates that the probe-surface interaction is attractive at large and low cantilever-surface separations being repulsive at intermediate separations.
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07.79.Lh Atomic force microscopes
06.30.Ft Time and frequency
06.30.Bp Spatial dimensions (e.g., position, lengths, volume, angles, and displacements)
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