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16 Jul 2007

Volume 91, Issue 3, Articles (03xxxx)

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 033106 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2757609 (3 pages)

S. Ingole, P. Aella, Sean J. Hearne, and S. T. Picraux
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Scanning photovoltage microscopy of potential modulations in carbon nanotubes

Marcus Freitag, James C. Tsang, Ageeth Bol, Phaedon Avouris, Dongning Yuan, and Jie Liu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 031101 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2757100 (3 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 16 July 2007

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We use the locally generated photovoltage in carbon nanotubes to image potential modulations produced by defects. The correlation with spatially resolved spectroscopy of the disorder-enhanced Raman band allows us to locate the defects and to determine their effect on band bending. The defects produce local potential maxima, which are consistent with trapped electrons near the tube. An offset photovoltage is generated when the laser populates metastable traps in the oxide. Previously uncharged defects can thus be imaged. To demonstrate the versatility of the technique, we show that tube-tube junction at the base of nanotube loops can be electronically characterized.
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73.63.Fg Nanotubes
78.67.Ch Nanotubes
72.40.+w Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects
72.20.Jv Charge carriers: generation, recombination, lifetime, and trapping
78.30.Hv Other nonmetallic inorganics
71.55.Ht Other nonmetals

Frequency-dependent refractive index of one-dimensionally structured thick metal film

Young-Min Shin, Jin-Kyu So, Jong-Hyo Won, and Gun-Sik Park

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 031102 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2753115 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 16 July 2007

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The authors have studied the frequency-dependent dielectric response of thick metal film one-dimensionally perforated by a subwavelength slit waveguide array. Our theoretical approach based on a three-dimensional homogenization of the periodic metallic structure shows that an effective refractive index chromatically varying due to TE waveguide mode formation gives rise to dense Fabry-Pérot resonance population near the cutoff, which leads to an energy level continuum in the transmission spectrum. Finite difference time domain simulation numerically demonstrates the transmission spectrum and spatial field distributions of even and odd resonance modes.
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78.66.Bz Metals and metallic alloys
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)

Enhanced Pockels effect in GaN/AlxGa1−xN superlattice measured by polarization-maintaining fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer

P. Chen, X. G. Tu, S. P. Li, J. C. Li, W. Lin, H. Y. Chen, D. Y. Liu, J. Y. Kang, Y. H. Zuo, L. Zhao, S. W. Chen, Y. D. Yu, J. Z. Yu, and Q. M. Wang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 031103 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2759267 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 17 July 2007

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Six-period 4 nm GaN/10 nm AlxGa1−xN superlattices with different Al mole fractions x were prepared on (0001) sapphire substrates by low-temperature metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. The linear electro-optic (Pockels) effect was studied by a polarization-maintaining fiber-optical Mach-Zehnder interferometer system with an incident light wavelength of 1.55 μm. The measured electro-optic coefficients, γ13 = 5.60±0.18 pm/V, γ33 = 19.24±1.21 pm/V (for sample 1, x = 0.3), and γ13 = 3.09±0.48 pm/V, γ33 = 8.94±0.36 pm/V (for sample 2, x = 0.1), respectively, are about ten times larger than those of GaN bulk material. The enhancement effect in GaN/AlxGa1−xN superlattice can be attributed to the large built-in field at the interfaces, depending on the mole fraction of Al.
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78.67.Pt Multilayers; superlattices; photonic structures; metamaterials
78.20.Jq Electro-optical effects

Monitoring ultrashort pulses by transverse frequency doubling of counterpropagating pulses in random media

Robert Fischer, Dragomir N. Neshev, Solomon M. Saltiel, Andrey A. Sukhorukov, Wieslaw Krolikowski, and Yuri S. Kivshar

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 031104 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2751583 (3 pages) | Cited 18 times

Online Publication Date: 19 July 2007

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The authors study experimentally the transverse second-harmonic generation of counterpropagating pulses by a quasi-phase-matching in a medium with a random ferroelectric domain structure. The authors show that this parametric process results in a direct realization of the cross correlation of two optical signals and, therefore, it can be employed for direct characterizations of ultrashort pulses including their temporal structure and pulse front tilt.
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42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression
42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation

The nonlinear effect from the interplay between the nonlinearity and the supercollimation of photonic crystal

Xunya Jiang, Chuanhong Zhou, Xiaofang Yu, Shanhui Fan, Marin Soljačić, and J. D. Joannopoulos

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 031105 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2739413 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 19 July 2007

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The authors theoretically and numerically investigate the beam propagation near the supercollimation frequency ωs0 in a photonic crystal made of nonlinear material. Since the value and sign of the equal-frequency-contour curvature which dominates the beam behaviors can be nonlinearly tuned near ωs0, a kind of nonlinear effect is generated. The envelope equation with unique form is also obtained. Beam-control mechanisms are theoretically predicted and observed in numerical experiments, such as tunable collimation, tunable beam-divergence angle, and self-lock of collimation. These mechanisms can be utilized to function as fiber, lens and coupler, or to design photonic devices.
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42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
42.65.-k Nonlinear optics

Single-photon experiments at telecommunication wavelengths using nanowire superconducting detectors

C. Zinoni, B. Alloing, L. H. Li, F. Marsili, A. Fiore, L. Lunghi, A. Gerardino, Yu. B. Vakhtomin, K. V. Smirnov, and G. N. Gol’tsman

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 031106 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2752108 (3 pages) | Cited 27 times

Online Publication Date: 19 July 2007

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The authors report fiber-coupled superconducting single-photon detectors with specifications that exceed those of avalanche photodiodes, operating at telecommunication wavelength, in sensitivity, temporal resolution, and repetition frequency. The improved performance is demonstrated by measuring the intensity correlation function g(2)(τ) of single-photon states at 1300 nm produced by single semiconductor quantum dots.
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85.60.Gz Photodetectors (including infrared and CCD detectors)
85.25.Oj Superconducting optical, X-ray, and γ-ray detectors (SIS, NIS, transition edge)
42.81.Pa Sensors, gyros
42.82.Gw Other integrated-optical elements and systems

Terahertz photomixing in high energy oxygen- and nitrogen-ion-implanted GaAs

I. Cámara Mayorga, E. A. Michael, A. Schmitz, P. van der Wal, R. Güsten, K. Maier, and A. Dewald

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 031107 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2753738 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 19 July 2007

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In this letter, the authors elaborate a detailed study of ion-implanted GaAs terahertz photomixers. The authors implanted several GaAs samples with oxygen and nitrogen ions with energies between 2 and 3 MeV and doses ranging from 2×1011 to 3×1013 cm−2. The samples were processed by patterning metal-semiconductor-metal structures on the feed point of self-complementary log-periodic spiral broadband antennas. From dc measurements and analysis of frequency roll-off in the 100 GHz–1 THz range under variable bias conditions, the authors studied systematically the carrier trapping time, terahertz power, and photocurrent dependence on applied voltage and frequency for the different samples.
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84.40.-x Radiowave and microwave (including millimeter wave) technology
07.57.Hm Infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave, and radiowave sources

Evolution of the onset of coherence in a family of photonic crystal nanolasers

Y.-S. Choi, M. T. Rakher, K. Hennessy, S. Strauf, A. Badolato, P. M. Petroff, D. Bouwmeester, and E. L. Hu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 031108 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2751131 (3 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 19 July 2007

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The authors report on the systematic variation of the onset of lasing in high-β photonic crystal nanolasers. A series of nanocavities has been designed to systematically approach the high-β devices by controlling the number of modes in the s-shell spectrum of InAs quantum dots at 4 K. The lasing action is confirmed by the observation of coherent-state transition to Poissonian photon statistics. The quantitative analysis reveals the high β of 0.69, 0.44, and 0.19 for the nanocavities with one, two, and three modes, respectively. By mapping the observed lasing transitions to β factors, the authors demonstrate the interplay of β and lasing performance.
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42.55.Tv Photonic crystal lasers and coherent effects
42.55.Sa Microcavity and microdisk lasers
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings

Amplified spontaneous emission from dye-doped polymer film sandwiched by two opal photonic crystals

Feng Jin, Yang Song, Xian-Zi Dong, Wei-Qiang Chen, and Xuan-Ming Duan

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 031109 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2766652 (3 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 20 July 2007

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The authors observed amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) from dye-doped polymer film sandwiched by two opal photonic crystals (PhCs). The ASE effect occurred at 599 nm with a full width at half maximum of about 5.1 nm, which corresponds to the L-point gap edge of the opal PhCs. Photoluminescence lifetimes of both dye-doped polymer films with and without opal PhCs were measured and corroborated that the ASE of the dye-doped polymer film emission is due to the presence of the photonic stop band.
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78.55.Kz Solid organic materials
78.66.Qn Polymers; organic compounds
78.45.+h Stimulated emission
78.20.Bh Theory, models, and numerical simulation
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