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23 Jul 2007

Volume 91, Issue 4, Articles (04xxxx)

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 043103 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2760191 (3 pages)

M. Hanke, Yu. I. Mazur, E. Marega, Jr., Z. Y. AbuWaar, G. J. Salamo, P. Schäfer, and M. Schmidbauer
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Lasing characteristics of a GaN photonic crystal nanocavity light source

Chun-Feng Lai, Peichen Yu, Te-Chung Wang, Hao-Chung Kuo, Tien-Chang Lu, Shing-Chung Wang, and Chao-Kuei Lee

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 041101 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2759467 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 23 July 2007

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Lasing characteristics from photonic crystal defects fabricated on bulk GaN are investigated. The device demonstrates multimode lasing with linewidths as narrow as 2–3 Å, and an enhanced spontaneous emission factor β ∼ 0.045. The emission spectra indicate that the laser emission is initiated horizontally in the defect nanocavity and then coupled to the vertical radiation, possibly via photonic crystal Bloch modes or by scattering.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
42.55.Tv Photonic crystal lasers and coherent effects

Laser microfixation of highly ordered J aggregates on a glass substrate

Yoshito Tanaka, Hiroyuki Yoshikawa, Tsuyoshi Asahi, and Hiroshi Masuhara

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 041102 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2759468 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 23 July 2007

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The authors have developed a laser microfixation technique of J aggregates from pseudoisocyanine solution onto a glass substrate. By focusing a near-infrared (NIR) laser beam into the solution near the glass substrate, conglomerate J aggregates are deposited at the focal point and fixed on the substrate. Fixed J aggregates show a narrower fluorescence band than the deposited one without laser focusing, indicating that highly ordered J aggregates are selectively confined in the laser focus due to optical trapping. Furthermore, they have demonstrated that the orientation of the transition dipole in fixed J aggregates is controlled by the polarization direction of the NIR laser beam.
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42.62.-b Laser applications

Spatially confined light output of a crystalline zinc oxide nanonet laser

Qing Liao, Yu Wang, Jianlong Li, Kai Wu, Xi-Cheng Ai, and Jian-Ping Zhang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 041103 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2759473 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 23 July 2007

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A well ordered large-area (>40 mm2) crystalline ZnO nanonet on anodic aluminum oxide template was fabricated via a simple approach combining interfacial reaction growth and epitaxial growth. Its optically pumped light output in far field was found to be spatially confined within 5° of its surface normal direction. Theoretical simulation showed that the spatial confinement of the light output was due to the interference and diffraction effects of the periodically aligned air cylinders in the nanonet.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems

Geiger-mode operation of back-illuminated GaN avalanche photodiodes

J. L. Pau, R. McClintock, K. Minder, C. Bayram, P. Kung, M. Razeghi, E. Muñoz, and D. Silversmith

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 041104 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2759980 (3 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 23 July 2007

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The authors report the Geiger-mode operation of back-illuminated GaN avalanche photodiodes. The devices were fabricated on transparent AlN templates specifically for back illumination in order to enhance hole-initiated multiplication. The spectral response in Geiger-mode operation was analyzed under low photon fluxes. Single photon detection capabilities were demonstrated in devices with areas ranging from 225 to 14063 μm2. Single photon detection efficiency of 20% and dark count rate <10 kHz were achieved in the smallest devices.
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85.60.Gz Photodetectors (including infrared and CCD detectors)

Ge-on-glass detectors

C.-H. Lin, Y.-T. Chiang, C.-C. Hsu, C.-H. Lee, C.-F. Huang, C.-H. Lai, T.-H. Cheng, and C. W. Liu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 041105 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2759982 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2007

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A single crystalline thin film of Ge on glass is fabricated using wafer bonding and smart cut. A simple metal-insulator-semiconductor detector is demonstrated for visible light and telecommunication wavelength. The implantation damage of separated Ge film bonded on glass is removed by chemical etching, and the surface roughness is reduced from 14 to 4 nm. The defect removal reduces the dark current by a factor of 30 and increases the responsivity by a factor of 1.85 at visible wavelength. The responsivity of 0.27 A/W at 1.3 μm wavelength for an unetched device does not increase after damage removal due to the decrease of the absorption layer thickness.
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85.60.Gz Photodetectors (including infrared and CCD detectors)
81.65.Cf Surface cleaning, etching, patterning

Optofluidic maskless lithography system for real-time synthesis of photopolymerized microstructures in microfluidic channels

Su Eun Chung, Wook Park, Hyunsung Park, Kyoungsik Yu, Namkyoo Park, and Sunghoon Kwon

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 041106 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2759988 (3 pages) | Cited 45 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2007

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The authors propose an optofluidic maskless lithography technique that can dynamically synthesize free-floating polymeric microstructures inside microfluidic channels by selectively polymerizing photocurable resin with high-speed two-dimensional spatial light modulators. The combination of programable optical projection and microfluidic devices allows one to precisely control the timing and location of the photopolymerization process for microstructure fabrication. Real-time generation of microparticles with various shapes, sizes, ordering, and material contents are experimentally demonstrated. Long polymeric structures of which size is not limited by the exposure field of view can also be fabricated.
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07.10.Cm Micromechanical devices and systems
47.85.Np Fluidics

Switchable nonlinear metalloferroelectric photonic crystals

E. Mishina, A. Zaitsev, N. Ilyin, N. Sherstyuk, A. Sigov, Yu. Golovko, V. Muhortov, A. Kolesnikov, Yu. Lozovik, M. Yemtsova, and Th. Rasing

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 041107 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2762284 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 25 July 2007

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Two types of low-voltage electroswitchable nonlinear photonic crystals were fabricated providing spatial-frequency control of second harmonic generation radiation of visible light. A two-dimensional photonic crystal was fabricated by focused ion beam etching of a ferroelectric BaSrTiO3 thin film and switched by an electric field applied by an interdigital electrode system, which simultaneously acted as a one-dimensional photonic crystal. The fabricated device operated at a second harmonic wavelength around 400 nm with an efficiency incomparably higher than in the case of linear optics.
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42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials

Wave interference effect on polymer microstadium laser

W. Fang and H. Cao

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 041108 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2762285 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 25 July 2007

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The authors investigate the lasing modes in fully chaotic polymer microstadiums under optical pumping. The lasing modes are regularly spaced in frequency, and their amplitudes oscillate with frequency. The numerical simulations reveal that the lasing modes are multiorbit scar modes. The interference of partial waves propagating along the constituent orbits results in local maxima of quality factor at certain frequencies. The observed modulation of lasing mode amplitude with frequency results from the variation of quality factor, which provides the direct evidence of wave interference effect in open chaotic microcavities.
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42.55.Sa Microcavity and microdisk lasers
42.70.Jk Polymers and organics

Tunable and movable liquid microlens in situ fabricated within microfluidic channels

Liang Dong and Hongrui Jiang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 041109 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2759469 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 25 July 2007

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The authors report on a tunable and movable liquid microlens in situ fabricated through fluid manipulation within microfluidics. Taking advantage of surface tensions at the microscale, the microlens is formed by a liquid droplet interfacing air. Through pneumatic control of the droplet, the microlens can be tuned in focal length and moved within the microfluidic channel on demand, thus being highly reconfigurable. A focal length tuning range from 1.5 to 8.9 mm is demonstrated. The in-plane optical axis of the microlens provides the flexibility in designing micro-optics within microfluidics, as demonstrated by realizing a planar fluorescence detection device.
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07.10.Cm Micromechanical devices and systems
42.79.Bh Lenses, prisms and mirrors
47.85.Np Fluidics

Polarization control of 1.15 μm vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers using autocloned photonic crystal polarizer

P. Babu Dayal, N. Kitabayashi, T. Miyamoto, F. Koyama, T. Kawashima, and S. Kawakami

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 041110 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2763972 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 26 July 2007

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The authors propose and demonstrate the polarization control of 1.15 μm, single-mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) with the hybrid integration of autocloned photonic crystal polarizer (PCP). The authors experimentally found that transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes of polarizations of the PCP can be selected for the in-phase and the out-of-phase conditions with respect to the positioning of PCP on the top surface of VCSELs. The lasing spectrum of TE (TM) mode in the in-phase (the out-of-phase) condition shows polarization suppression ratio of 18 (14) dB. This simple method offers stable polarization operation of VCSELs without penalties in laser performances.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings
42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials

In-plane Littrow lasing of broad photonic crystal waveguides

O. Khayam, C. Cambournac, H. Benisty, M. Ayre, R. Brenot, G.-H. Duan, and W. Pernice

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 041111 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2763977 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 26 July 2007

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Broad photonic crystal waveguides forming open resonators are shown to support an hitherto unnoticed lasing pattern. The feedback for lasing originates in Littrow-type reflections of higher-order modes from the waveguide boundaries. The authors employ plane wave and finite-difference time-domain simulations of bulk crystal and waveguide to substantiate the concept of a distributed Littrow reflector. Experimental results are reported for a 10-μm-wide photonic crystal waveguide deeply etched into InP substrate. In-plane lasing and low modal threshold gain due to longer path lengths are the key features of this resonator.
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42.55.Tv Photonic crystal lasers and coherent effects
42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials

Measurement of carrier lifetime and interface recombination velocity in Si–Ge waveguides

A. Trita, I. Cristiani, V. Degiorgio, D. Chrastina, and H. von Känel

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 041112 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2760133 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 26 July 2007

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The carrier lifetime in Si1−xGex planar waveguides with Si cladding was measured as a function of layer thickness d and Ge concentration x by using an optical pump-and-probe technique. The measured lifetimes are in the range of 20–90 ns. The obtained interface recombination velocity S increases with both d and x, taking values in the range from 300 to 4000 cm/s.
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72.20.Jv Charge carriers: generation, recombination, lifetime, and trapping
42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers
68.35.Ct Interface structure and roughness

Loss reduction in fully contacted organic laser waveguides using TE2 modes

P. Görrn, T. Rabe, T. Riedl, and W. Kowalsky

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 041113 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2757598 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 27 July 2007

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A strategy to contact organic lasers is proposed. Without the need for thick transport layers that keep the optical mode away from the contacts waveguide losses similar to those of structures without contacts can be achieved. The key to this concept is to position the contacts in the intensity minima of the TE2 waveguide mode. This is accomplished by optical buffers outside the contacted device. Structures based on this idea are demonstrated and the waveguide losses are analyzed. A reduction of the waveguide losses by more than an order of magnitude compared to a device without optical buffers is observed.
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42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
42.55.Rz Doped-insulator lasers and other solid state lasers

High speed single photon detection in the near infrared

Z. L. Yuan, B. E. Kardynal, A. W. Sharpe, and A. J. Shields

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 041114 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2760135 (3 pages) | Cited 71 times

Online Publication Date: 27 July 2007

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InGaAs avalanche photodiodes (APDs) are convenient for single photon detection in the near infrared (NIR) including the fiber communication bands (1.31/1.55 μm). However, to suppress afterpulse noise due to trapped avalanche charge, they must be gated with megahertz repetition frequencies, thereby severely limiting the count rate in NIR applications. Here, the authors show gating frequencies for InGaAs APDs well beyond 1 GHz. Using a self-differencing technique to sense much weaker avalanches, the authors reduce drastically afterpulse noise. At 1.25 GHz, they obtain a detection efficiency of 10.8% with an afterpulse probability of 6.16%. In addition, the detector features low jitter (55 ps) and a count rate of 100 MHz.
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85.60.Gz Photodetectors (including infrared and CCD detectors)
07.57.Kp Bolometers; infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave, and radiowave receivers and detectors
85.60.Dw Photodiodes; phototransistors; photoresistors
42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression

Temperature-power dependence of catastrophic optical damage in AlGaInP laser diodes

M. Bou Sanayeh, P. Brick, W. Schmid, B. Mayer, M. Müller, M. Reufer, K. Streubel, J. W. Tomm, and G. Bacher

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 041115 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2760143 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 27 July 2007

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Facet temperature changes in broad-area red-emitting high-power AlGaInP lasers are analyzed by means of micro-Raman spectroscopy. Measurements as a function of injection current demonstrate that the temperature at the laser output facet rises linearly with optical output power. Temperature profile measurements across the laser stripe show a strong correlation between near field intensity, facet temperature, and catastrophic optical damage (COD). Additionally, temperature-power analyses reveal that a critical facet temperature is needed to induce COD. The consistent results produced by complementary measurement techniques indicate that absorption of stimulated photons at the laser facet is the major source of facet heating.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
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Electrically excited oxygen generator produces 30% transfer from O2 into O2(a 1Δ) with 40% electrical efficiency

A. E. Hill

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 041116 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2764555 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 27 July 2007

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An electrically excited O2(a 1Δ) generator packages a bundle of plasma containment tubes into a heat exchanger configuration. Chilled fluorinert circulates rapidly through the structure, and gases (O2, Ar, and He mix at 60–100 Torr) flow transonically through the plasma tubes. An externally sustained, sub-breakdown discharge is ionized by means of applying overvolted [ ∼ 150 Td(1 Td = 10−17 V cm2)] ∼ 10–30 ns pulses at 50 000 pulses/s. The plasma is preionized by UV radiation, iminating from a dielectric barrier discharge plasma. A dc electric field of E/N = 10 Td conducts current longitudinally along the tubes. This process accomplishes: (1) O2(a 1Δ) fractional extraction of 30%, (2) electrical excitation efficiency of 40%, (3) specific power loading up to 150 kJ/m O2, and (4) a minimal plasma temperature rise of <125 °K. The O2(a 1Δ) flow stream carries 2400 W.
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52.25.Kn Thermodynamics of plasmas
61.80.Ba Ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation effects (including laser radiation)
52.80.-s Electric discharges

Near-field optical study of highly dense laterally coupled InAs single quantum dots

Young-Jun Yu, Haneol Noh, Gun Sang Jeon, Heung-Ryoul Noh, Yasuhiko Arakawa, and Wonho Jhe

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 041117 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2760151 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 27 July 2007

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The authors report on high-resolution photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and microscopy study of laterally coupled, self-assembled InAs/GaAs quantum dots (QDs) by using the low-temperature near-field scanning optical microscope. In particular, they have observed characteristic doublet PL spectra, which can be indirectly but unambiguously attributed to two neighboring coupled QDs, as indicated by the identical spatial images of the PL intensity. This work may open a unique and systematic way to study the lateral coupling of single QDs for qualitative nano-optical analysis and characterization.
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78.67.Hc Quantum dots
78.55.Cr III-V semiconductors

Deoxyribonucleic acid-based photochromic material for fast dynamic holography

Andrzej Miniewicz, Anna Kochalska, Jaroslaw Mysliwiec, Anna Samoc, Marek Samoc, and James G. Grote

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 041118 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2760169 (3 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 27 July 2007

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The authors report on a biopolymeric material made of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) complexed with the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethyl-ammonium (CTMA) and doped with the photochromic disperse red 1 dye (DR1) for dynamic holographic recording. The molar ratio of the DNA-CTMA to the dye is about 5:1. They have found that the photochromic properties of DR1 in the DNA-CTMA matrix are favorably modified in speed of response with respect to conventional polymeric matrices. Dynamic holographic gratings which were inscribed in DR1:DNA-CTMA films are characterized by switching times within a 1–10 ms range. An excellent reversibility of the recording process is reported.
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87.85.J- Biomaterials
42.40.Ht Hologram recording and readout methods
42.40.Eq Holographic optical elements; holographic gratings
42.70.Jk Polymers and organics
42.79.Wc Optical coatings
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Controlled formation of metallic nanoballs during plasma electrolysis

Yu Toriyabe, Seiichi Watanabe, Shigeo Yatsu, Tamaki Shibayama, and Tadahiko Mizuno

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 041501 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2760042 (3 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 26 July 2007

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Formation of spherical nanoparticles (hereafter “nanoballs”) in a gas/liquid mixed dual phase system during plasma electrolysis is reported. A gas/vapor sheath is formed at the electrode/electrolyte interface when the applied voltage is high enough to induce discharge plasma. Through this nonequilibrium process, the authors have produced Ni, Ti, Ag, and Au metallic nanoballs from the cathode mother materials with a certain size controllability. The electrode surface is partially melted by the local current concentration induced by electrothermal instability followed by an immediate cooldown, yielding nanoballs without contamination from electrolyte.
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81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
61.46.Df Structure of nanocrystals and nanoparticles ("colloidal" quantum dots but not gate-isolated embedded quantum dots)
52.77.-j Plasma applications
82.45.Hk Electrolysis

Room-temperature slot microplasma in atmospheric pressure air between cylindrical electrodes with a nanoporous alumina dielectric

I. G. Koo, J. H. Cho, M. Y. Choi, and W. M. Lee

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 041502 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2764442 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 26 July 2007

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Slot microplasma in low temperature, atmospheric pressure air is developed for applications in surface, gas, or biomedical treatments. Dielectric barrier discharge between two parallel aluminum (Al) rods covered with nanoporous alumina films, ∼ 60 μm thick and mean pore diameters of ∼ 40 nm, is driven by 20 kHz ac power. The glow microplasma is stable and spatially uniform, using 2–10 W, in the gap of 100–500 μm between the rods of 3 mm diameter and 5 cm long. This type of slot discharge operational in ambient temperature atmospheric pressure air can provide large-scale nonthermal plasma for any applications requiring continuous low temperature treatments.
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52.80.Hc Glow; corona
82.45.Fk Electrodes
77.55.-g Dielectric thin films
61.46.Df Structure of nanocrystals and nanoparticles ("colloidal" quantum dots but not gate-isolated embedded quantum dots)

Microwave guiding and intense plasma generation at subcutoff dimensions for focused ion beams

Jose V. Mathew, Indranuj Dey, and Sudeep Bhattacharjee

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 041503 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2764445 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 27 July 2007

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The mechanism of microwave guiding and plasma generation is investigated in a circular waveguide with a subcutoff dimension using pulsed microwaves of 3 GHz. During the initial phase, gaseous breakdown is induced by the exponentially decaying wave. Upon breakdown, the refractive index of the plasma medium varies radially, with the plasma density reaching close to cutoff values in the central region. At lower pressures, the waves can propagate through the peripheral plasma with a reduced wavelength, due to the collisionally broadened upper hybrid resonance region. The intense narrow cross sectional plasma bears promise for multielemental focused ion beams.
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52.50.Gj Plasma heating by particle beams
52.40.Fd Plasma interactions with antennas; plasma-filled waveguides
52.25.Kn Thermodynamics of plasmas

Ion generation from a solidified Ne target for a laser ion source

Jun Tamura, Masahiro Okamura, Takeshi Kanesue, and Sergei Kondrashev

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 041504 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2760147 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 27 July 2007

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Laser plasmas from solidified neon on a cold surface were investigated for a laser ion source application. A Nd:YAG laser could generate Ne ions with a charge state up to 6+. The ion current density reached about 1.2 mA/cm2 at 2.3 m from the target. The approach is applicable for the most of gas species with at least 1 Hz operation.
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52.50.Jm Plasma production and heating by laser beams (laser-foil, laser-cluster, etc.)
29.25.Ni Ion sources: positive and negative
07.77.Ka Charged-particle beam sources and detectors

Measurements of Ar+ and Xe+ velocities near the sheath boundary of Ar–Xe plasma using two diode lasers

Dongsoo Lee, Noah Hershkowitz, and Greg D. Severn

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 041505 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2760149 (3 pages) | Cited 21 times

Online Publication Date: 27 July 2007

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The Bohm sheath criterion in single- and two-ion species plasmas is studied with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) using two diode lasers in Xe and Ar–Xe plasmas. The plasmas are generated in a low pressure unmagnetized dc hot filament discharge confined by surface multidipole magnetic fields. Two LIF schemes are employed to measure the argon and xenon ion velocity distribution functions near a negatively biased boundary plate. The results show that the argon and xenon ion velocities approach the ion sound speed of the system near the sheath-presheath boundary and satisfy the generalized Bohm criterion.
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52.70.Kz Optical (ultraviolet, visible, infrared) measurements
52.40.Kh Plasma sheaths
52.80.-s Electric discharges
52.25.-b Plasma properties
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Bulk metallic glasses based on binary cerium and lanthanum elements

X. F. Liu, R. J. Wang, D. Q. Zhao, M. X. Pan, and W. H. Wang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 041901 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2766656 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2007

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The authors reported the formation and dynamic and thermodynamic properties of bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) based on binary Ce and La elements, in which the compositions of Ce and La can be gradually changed in the range from 0 to 100 at. % without deteriorating the glass-forming ability. The properties of the binary base glasses can be tuned by modification of the Ce and La compositions. The BMGs with unique features and tunable properties might provide a model system to investigate some long-standing issues in BMG-forming alloys. The approach has implication for designing BMGs with tunable properties.
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62.20.D- Elasticity
81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity, stress-strain relations
61.43.Fs Glasses

Growth of polycrystalline Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films using a radio frequency-cracked Se-radical beam source and application for photovoltaic devices

Shogo Ishizuka, Hajime Shibata, Akimasa Yamada, Paul Fons, Keiichiro Sakurai, Koji Matsubara, and Shigeru Niki

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 041902 (2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2766669 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2007

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Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) thin films were grown using a rf-cracked Se-radical beam source. A unique combination of film properties, a highly dense and smooth surface with large grain size, is shown. These features seem to have no significant influence on the photovoltaic performance. Defect control in bulk CIGS leading to corresponding variations in the electrical and photoluminescence properties was found to be possible by regulating the Se-radical source parameters. A competitive energy conversion efficiency of 17.5%, comparable to that of a Se-evaporative source grown CIGS device, has been demonstrated from a solar cell fabricated using a Se-radical source grown CIGS absorber.
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81.05.Hd Other semiconductors
81.15.Hi Molecular, atomic, ion, and chemical beam epitaxy
78.66.Li Other semiconductors
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