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31 Mar 2008

Volume 92, Issue 13, Articles (13xxxx)

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 133501 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2901684 (3 pages)

Eric Akmansoy, Emmanuel Centeno, Kevin Vynck, David Cassagne, and Jean-Michel Lourtioz
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Ni-induced destabilization dynamics of crystalline zinc borohydride

Pabitra Choudhury, Venkat R. Bhethanabotla, and Elias Stefanakos

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 134101 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2905275 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 1 April 2008

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Fundamental understanding of the role of Ni additives in promoting the dehydrogenation mechanism of hydrogen desorption in zinc borohydride [Zn(BH4)2] is a key factor for using this material in hydrogen storage. A systematic theoretical study of the energetics and hydrogen dynamics was carried out to understand this dehydrogenation mechanism. The energetic calculations reveal that Ni substitutes Zn in preference to B. H atoms are pulled toward these doped Ni atoms, which introduce instability via the breaking of multiple B–H bonds in the complex borohydride. The mechanistic understanding gained from this study can be applied to the design of better hydrogen storage materials.
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63.20.-e Phonons in crystal lattices
68.43.Mn Adsorption kinetics
61.50.Lt Crystal binding; cohesive energy
61.66.Fn Inorganic compounds
84.60.-h Direct energy conversion and storage

Standoff detection of explosive residues using photothermal microcantilevers

C. W. Van Neste, L. R. Senesac, D. Yi, and T. Thundat

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 134102 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2901145 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 1 April 2008

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Standoff detection of trace explosives is gaining attention due to its immediate relevance in countering terrorist threats based on explosive devices. However, most currently available standoff techniques rely on expensive, complex, and bulky equipment. We have demonstrated highly selective and sensitive standoff detection of explosive residues on surfaces by using photothermal spectroscopy carried out with bimaterial microcantilever sensors. The demonstrated sensitivity of the technique, 100 ng/cm2, is sufficient to detect the explosive contamination generally found on explosive devices. The sensitivity of the technique can be further improved by optimizing the bimaterial cantilever and by using higher intensity infrared sources.
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07.10.Cm Micromechanical devices and systems
07.07.Df Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing
82.80.Kq Energy-conversion spectro-analytical methods (e.g., photoacoustic, photothermal, and optogalvanic spectroscopic methods)
42.72.Ai Infrared sources

The effect of annealing processes on electronic properties of sol-gel derived Al-doped ZnO films

Jen-Po Lin and Jenn-Ming Wu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 134103 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2905279 (3 pages) | Cited 41 times

Online Publication Date: 3 April 2008

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Al-doped ZnO films with high transmittance and low resistivity were prepared by sol-gel method with a three-step annealing. By investigating the relative effect of the Al/Zn ratio to the annealing on electrical and optical properties, the origin of electrical conduction is verified as the combining effect of the high temperature annealing which enhances crystal quality that provides higher mobility of electrons and the reduction annealing which releases the localized electrons caused by oxygen absorption. Varying the Al/Zn ratio causes a small Burstein–Moss shift and a slight change in carrier concentration. In contrast, the annealing procedure produces significant changes in the carrier concentration and mobility.
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73.61.Ga II-VI semiconductors
72.20.Fr Low-field transport and mobility; piezoresistance
61.72.Cc Kinetics of defect formation and annealing

Fast processes in liquid metal foams investigated by high-speed synchrotron x-ray microradioscopy

F. García-Moreno, A. Rack, L. Helfen, T. Baumbach, S. Zabler, N. Babcsán, J. Banhart, T. Martin, C. Ponchut, and M. Di Michiel

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 134104 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2905748 (3 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 4 April 2008

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Rupture of an individual film in an evolving liquid metal foam is investigated by means of high-speed x-ray radioscopy using white synchrotron radiation. At a frame rate of 5000 frames/s, the rupture event is spread over three to four images. The images show that the remnants of the rupturing film are pulled into the surrounding plateau borders in 600±100 μs which conforms well with a liquid movement governed by inertia and not by viscosity. Within one order of magnitude, the viscosity of the liquid involved must be similar to the viscosity of pure liquid aluminium.
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82.70.Rr Aerosols and foams
61.25.Mv Liquid metals and alloys
78.47.-p Spectroscopy of solid state dynamics
62.10.+s Mechanical properties of liquids
68.15.+e Liquid thin films
66.20.-d Viscosity of liquids; diffusive momentum transport

Analytic perturbation solution to the capacitance system of a hyberboloidal tip and a rough surface

Yongxing Shen, David M. Barnett, and Peter M. Pinsky

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 134105 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2906487 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 4 April 2008

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The capacitance system of a hyperboloidal tip and a rough surface is usually encountered in analyzing electrostatic force microscopy images. In this letter, a perturbation approach has been applied to solve for the electric potential of this system, in which the rough surface is treated as perturbation from a flat one. For the first-variation solution, the boundary value problem is represented in the prolate-spheroidal coordinate system and solved in terms of a generalized Fourier series involving conical functions. Based on this solution, the tip-surface Coulombic interaction can be computed. Sample calculations have been applied to sinusoidal surface profiles.
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68.35.B- Structure of clean surfaces (and surface reconstruction)

Cross-sectional insight in the water evolution and transport in polymer electrolyte fuel cells

Christoph Hartnig, Ingo Manke, Robert Kuhn, Nikolay Kardjilov, John Banhart, and Werner Lehnert

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 134106 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2907485 (3 pages) | Cited 51 times

Online Publication Date: 4 April 2008

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The evolution of liquid water and its transport through the porous gas diffusion media in an operating fuel cell were investigated applying an experimental setup for high spatial resolution of 3 μm. Fundamental aspects of cluster formation in hydrophobic/hydrophilic porous materials as well as processes of multiphase flow are addressed. The obtained water distributions provide a detailed insight in the membrane electrode assembly and the porous electrode with regard on the existence and transport of liquid water. In addition, the results approve transport theories used within the framework of percolation theory and demonstrate the need for adapted modeling approaches.
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82.47.Pm Phosphoric-acid fuel cells (PAFC); other fuel cells
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