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28 Apr 2008

Volume 92, Issue 17, Articles (17xxxx)

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 173301 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2912822 (3 pages)

Takeo Minari, Masataka Kano, Tetsuhiko Miyadera, Sui-Dong Wang, Yoshinobu Aoyagi, Mari Seto, Takashi Nemoto, Seiji Isoda, and Kazuhito Tsukagoshi
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Zeeman splitting and confinement effects in Er3+-doped nano-glass-ceramics in magnetic fields up to 50 T

D. Saurel, V. K. Tikhomirov, V. V. Moshchalkov, C. Görller-Walrand, and K. Driesen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 171101 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2916823 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 28 April 2008

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A zero-phonon component of the 1.5 μm emission band of Er3+ in the nano-glass-ceramics 32(SiO2)9(AlO1.5)31.5(CdF2)18.5(PbF2)5.5(ZnF2):3.5(ErF3) mol %, shifts to higher energy and splits into Zeeman doublet in external magnetic field. These effects make it possible to flatten the amplification band of the Er3+-doped amplifier. The blue photoluminescence shift can be ascribed to quantum confinement effect on the 1.5 μm emission band of Er3+ in nano-glass-ceramics, where most of the Er3+ dopants are located in the PbF2 nanocrystals of about 8 nm in diameter.
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71.70.Ej Spin-orbit coupling, Zeeman and Stark splitting, Jahn-Teller effect
78.20.Ls Magneto-optical effects
78.67.Bf Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, and nanoclusters
78.55.Qr Amorphous materials; glasses and other disordered solids
63.22.Kn Clusters and nanocrystals

High quality nitride based microdisks obtained via selective wet etching of AlInN sacrificial layers

D. Simeonov, E. Feltin, A. Altoukhov, A. Castiglia, J.-F. Carlin, R. Butté, and N. Grandjean

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 171102 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2917452 (3 pages) | Cited 19 times

Online Publication Date: 28 April 2008

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The authors report a technique for selective wet chemical etching of an AlInN sacrificial layer lattice-matched to GaN for the fabrication of air-gap photonic structures. It is used to demonstrate high quality factor (Q) microdisk cavities. Whispering gallery modes are observed in the photoluminescence spectra of InGaN/GaN quantum wells (QWs) embedded in the GaN microdisks. Q factors of up to 3500 are obtained. The measured Qs are found to be limited by the QW absorption. Room temperature laser action is achieved for a wide spectral range (409–475 nm) with a threshold down to 166 kW/cm2.
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81.05.Ea III-V semiconductors
81.07.St Quantum wells
78.55.Cr III-V semiconductors
42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings

Two-photon induced fabrication of gold microstructures in polystyrene sulfonate thin films using a ruthenium(II) dye as photoinitiator

Laeticia Vurth, Patrice Baldeck, Olivier Stéphan, and Guy Vitrant

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 171103 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2917810 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 28 April 2008

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Gold microstructures are produced with a femtosecond laser in thin films of a polystyrene sulfonate matrix containing gold ions. Two-photon induced metal reduction is obtained by addition of 0.1 wt % of ruthenium(II)tris(bipyridine) in the formulation. Laser power is reduced to 5 mW, thereby limiting thermal effects. Lines of typically 150 nm heights and 1 μm widths are fabricated as well as freestanding bidimensional structures. An additional electroless plating step produces gold structures with conductivities only ten times smaller than the bulk metal.
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81.05.Bx Metals, semimetals, and alloys
81.15.Pq Electrodeposition, electroplating
82.45.Qr Electrodeposition and electrodissolution
42.62.-b Laser applications
42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression

Natural quantum dots in the InAs/GaAs wetting layer

A. Babiński, J. Borysiuk, S. Kret, M. Czyż, A. Golnik, S. Raymond, and Z. R. Wasilewski

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 171104 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2918836 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 29 April 2008

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We report on microphotoluminescence study of excitons localized by potential fluctuations in a wetting layer (WL), which accompanies InAs/GaAs quantum dots (QDs). Linear polarization of spectral lines due to localized excitons enable us to identify a neutral excitonic and biexcitonic emission. A charged exciton has also been identified. High resolution transmission electron microscopy measurements of the investigated structure reveal lateral fluctuations of In content in the WL, as well as its broadening. Both effects give rise to potential fluctuations, which can confine excitons observed in our measurements. The potential fluctuations can be regarded as “natural” QDs in the WL.
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78.67.Hc Quantum dots
78.55.Et II-VI semiconductors
71.35.-y Excitons and related phenomena
68.65.-k Low-dimensional, mesoscopic, nanoscale and other related systems: structure and nonelectronic properties

Electrotunable polarization of surface-emitting distributed feedback laser with nematic liquid crystals

Soon Moon Jeong, Na Young Ha, Fumito Araoka, Ken Ishikawa, and Hideo Takezoe

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 171105 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2913761 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 29 April 2008

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The authors have demonstrated nanoimprinted polarization-tunable surface-emitting distributed feedback laser by using an aligned dye-doped nematic liquid crystal (NLC) as a tunable phase retarder. Because the lasing emission from nanoimprinted layer is a highly transverse electric mode, the polarization is continuously tunable by electrically controlling NLC orientation. The presented polarization-tunable lasing device will give rise to various opportunities in optical device application and its simple fabrication process can be readily used for large area geometries from the viewpoint of practical application.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems

Interference of surface plasmon polaritons controlled by the phase of incident light

Xi-Feng Ren, Guo-Ping Guo, Yun-Feng Huang, Zhi-Wei Wang, Pei Zhang, and Guang-Can Guo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 171106 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2901144 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 29 April 2008

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Interference patterns of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are observed in the extraordinary optical transmission through subwavelength holes in an optically thick metal plate. It is found that the phase of incident light can be transferred to SPPs. We can control the destructive and constructive interferences of SPPs by modulating the relative phase between two incident beams. Using a slightly displaced Mach–Zehnder interferometer, we also observe a SPP interference pattern composed of bright and dark stripes.
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73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)
78.68.+m Optical properties of surfaces
71.36.+c Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions)

Novel setups for extremely high power single-cycle terahertz pulse generation by optical rectification

L. Pálfalvi, J. A. Fülöp, G. Almási, and J. Hebling

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 171107 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2907494 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 29 April 2008

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Recently, the generation of near-single-cycle terahertz pulses with 10 μJ energy was demonstrated by optical rectification of ultrashort laser pulses with tilted pulse front in LiNbO3. Here, an optimized imaging setup is proposed for the creation of the tilted pulse front inside the LiNbO3 crystal. Furthermore, a compact setup is proposed which creates the tilted pulse front without imaging, where there is no principal limitation on the pump spot size and, hence, on the terahertz energy. According to model calculations, application of these setups can increase the efficiency by one order of magnitude for 5 mm spot size.
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42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression

Single mode high-contrast subwavelength grating vertical cavity surface emitting lasers

Michael C. Y. Huang, Ye Zhou, and Connie J. Chang-Hasnain

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 171108 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2917447 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 30 April 2008

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We present a single mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) utilizing a single-layer, high-contrast subwavelength grating (HCG) based top mirror, which provides both the ultrahigh reflectivity and lateral transverse modes control. Experimentally, we demonstrate that merely 11 HCG stripes with a thickness of 230 nm are required to achieve lasing operation. The finite area of HCG, in combination with an oxide aperture of 2–6 μm, effectively discriminates the higher-order transverse modes in VCSELs with a side mode suppression ratio of ≥ 40 dB. Furthermore, a single (first high-order transverse) mode, high output power of 2.3 mW laser was achieved from a VCSEL with a 10 μm oxide aperture.
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42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
42.79.Bh Lenses, prisms and mirrors
42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings

Fiber taper coupling to chalcogenide microsphere modes

Christian Grillet, Shu Ning Bian, Eric C. Magi, and Benjamin J. Eggleton

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 171109 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2918128 (3 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 30 April 2008

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We report the fabrication and optical characterization of microsphere in chalcogenide (As2Se3). We show that high Q modes of a 9.2 μm diameter chalcogenide glass can be efficiently excited via evanescent coupling using a silica tapered fiber. Loaded Q factors of more than 20 000 have been measured. Fine analysis of the coupling spectrum around 1619 nm led to an estimation of the microsphere eccentricity of less than 1%. Owing to the unique combination properties of chalcogenide glass and the microspheres geometry, we expect this architecture to offer an ideal environment for versatile applications on both the telecommunication and midinfrared wavelength windows.
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42.81.Bm Fabrication, cladding, and splicing
42.82.Cr Fabrication techniques; lithography, pattern transfer
81.05.Kf Glasses (including metallic glasses)
81.05.Gc Amorphous semiconductors

Limiting efficiency of an intermediate band solar cell under a terrestrial spectrum

Stephen P. Bremner, Michael Y. Levy, and Christiana B. Honsberg

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 171110 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2907493 (3 pages) | Cited 24 times

Online Publication Date: 30 April 2008

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The limiting efficiency of an intermediate band (IB) solar cell under the terrestrial AM1.5 spectrum was calculated by detailed balance for various concentration levels. The results show four energy gap combinations giving similar limiting efficiencies. This is in contrast to the more studied case of an IB solar cell under a blackbody spectrum where a single optimum combination is found. A design with a subenergy gap of ∼ 0.57 eV is found to be viable, leading to the conclusion that the design space for an IB solar cell is larger when under the AM1.5 spectrum than when under a Blackbody spectrum.
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84.60.Jt Photoelectric conversion

Room temperature operated 3.1 μm type-I GaSb-based diode lasers with 80 mW continuous-wave output power

L. Shterengas, G. Belenky, G. Kipshidze, and T. Hosoda

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 171111 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2919720 (3 pages) | Cited 20 times

Online Publication Date: 1 May 2008

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High-power diode lasers with heavily strained In(Al)GaAsSb type-I quantum-well active regions emitting at 3.1 μm at room temperature are reported. The devices produce continuous-wave output powers above 200 mW at 250 K and 80 mW at 285 K.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems

Resolving cross sensitivity of fiber Bragg gratings with different polymeric coatings

Ping Lu, Liqiu Men, and Qiying Chen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 171112 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2919796 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 1 May 2008

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An approach to resolve the cross sensitivity of fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) is proposed by the adoption of different polymers as the coating materials for gratings. From the different optical responses resulted from the gratings of different polymeric coatings, sensitivity to individual parameter can be exactly revealed. As an application of this approach, simultaneous discrimination of axial strain and temperature with two FBGs of different polymeric coatings is demonstrated with the axial strain and temperature sensitivities of 1.228 pm/με and 11.433 pm/°C for the acrylate-coated FBG, and 1.170 pm/με and 11.333 pm/°C for the polyimide-coated FBG, respectively.
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42.81.-i Fiber optics
42.79.Dj Gratings

177 fs erbium-doped fiber laser mode locked with a cellulose polymer film containing single-wall carbon nanotubes

A. V. Tausenev, E. D. Obraztsova, A. S. Lobach, A. I. Chernov, V. I. Konov, P. G. Kryukov, A. V. Konyashchenko, and E. M. Dianov

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 171113 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2918450 (3 pages) | Cited 30 times

Online Publication Date: 2 May 2008

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A mode-locked soliton erbium-doped fiber laser generating 177 fs pulses is demonstrated. The laser pumped by a 85 mW, 980 nm laser diode emits 7 mW at 1.56 μm at a pulse repetition rate of 50 MHz. Passive mode locking is achieved with a saturable absorber made of a high-optical quality film based on cellulose derivative with dispersed carbon single-wall nanotubes. The film is prepared with the original technique by using carbon nanotubes synthesized by the arc-discharge method.
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42.55.Wd Fiber lasers
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
42.60.Fc Modulation, tuning, and mode locking
42.79.Wc Optical coatings
42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression
42.70.Jk Polymers and organics

Engineering the randomness for enhanced absorption in solar cells

Stephan Fahr, Carsten Rockstuhl, and Falk Lederer

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 171114 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2919094 (3 pages) | Cited 46 times

Online Publication Date: 2 May 2008

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Photon management by means of random textured surfaces is known to be a promising route to increase the light absorption in a solar cell. To date this randomness was only a posteriori assessed and related to the absorption. Here, we will outline a meaningful strategy for a priori and purposely tailoring the randomness. By defining appropriate angular scattering functions and optimizing the surface profiles, it is shown that the number of absorbed photons can be enhanced by 55% compared to flat-surface solar cells.
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84.60.Jt Photoelectric conversion
81.65.Cf Surface cleaning, etching, patterning
42.40.Jv Computer-generated holograms

Optical gain in InGaN/InGaAlN quantum well structures with zero internal field

Seoung-Hwan Park, Doyeol Ahn, and Jong-Wook Kim

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 171115 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2920187 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 2 May 2008

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Electronic and optical properties of InGaN/InAlGaN quantum well with zero internal field were investigated by using the non-Markovian gain model with many-body effects. The In composition x in the well to give zero internal field is shown to increase with the In composition y in the barrier. The InGaN/AlGaInN system has much larger optical gain than the conventional InGaN/GaN system because the optical matrix element is largely enhanced due to disappearance of the internal field. The peak gain is shown to decrease with increasing In composition for both systems. The decrease in the optical gain for the InGaN/AlGaInN system is mainly due to the reduction in quasi-Fermi-level separation while that for the InGaN/GaN system is due to the reduction in the matrix element.
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78.67.De Quantum wells
71.20.Nr Semiconductor compounds
73.21.Fg Quantum wells

Standoff detection of trace amounts of solids by nonlinear Raman spectroscopy using shaped femtosecond pulses

O. Katz, A. Natan, Y. Silberberg, and S. Rosenwaks

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 171116 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2918014 (3 pages) | Cited 28 times

Online Publication Date: 2 May 2008

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We demonstrate a single-beam, standoff (>10 m) detection and identification of various materials including minute amounts of explosives under ambient light conditions. This is obtained by multiplex coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy (CARS) using a single femtosecond phase-shaped laser pulse. We exploit the strong nonresonant background for amplification of the backscattered resonant CARS signals by employing a homodyne detection scheme. The simple and highly sensitive spectroscopic technique has a potential for hazardous materials standoff detection applications.
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82.80.Gk Analytical methods involving vibrational spectroscopy
78.47.-p Spectroscopy of solid state dynamics
42.65.Dr Stimulated Raman scattering; CARS
42.65.Es Stimulated Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering
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