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28 Apr 2008

Volume 92, Issue 17, Articles (17xxxx)

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 173301 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2912822 (3 pages)

Takeo Minari, Masataka Kano, Tetsuhiko Miyadera, Sui-Dong Wang, Yoshinobu Aoyagi, Mari Seto, Takashi Nemoto, Seiji Isoda, and Kazuhito Tsukagoshi
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Self-assembly and magnetic properties of shape-controlled monodisperse CoFe2O4 nanocrystals

Ningzhong Bao, Liming Shen, Prahallad Padhan, and Arunava Gupta

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 173101 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2917444 (3 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 28 April 2008

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Ordered arrays of monodisperse cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanocrystals with highly controllable spherical or cubic shapes have been synthesized via solution-based thermolysis of an intimately mixed Co2+Fe23+-oleate precursor. The evolution from spherical to cubic morphology is achieved by simply changing the precursor concentration, thereby controlling the nanocrystal growth rate. Magnetic studies indicate that the saturation magnetization is independent of the shape and is solely determined by the size of the nanocrystal. However, the coercivity does exhibit a small shape dependence, primarily resulting from the influence of surface anisotropy.
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81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
61.46.Hk Nanocrystals
75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects

Ideal metal-decorated three dimensional covalent organic frameworks for reversible hydrogen storage

Yoon Jeong Choi, Jung Woo Lee, Jung Hoon Choi, and Jeung Ku Kang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 173102 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2912525 (3 pages) | Cited 22 times

Online Publication Date: 28 April 2008

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The most stable H2 adsorption on pure covalent organic frameworks (COFs) occurs near O atoms, but its binding energy ( ∼ 0.05 eV) is not sufficient to satisfy the minimum value (0.24 eV) required for practical applications. Meanwhile, Li and Mg ion-decorated COFs have hydrogen adsorption energies of 0.28 and 0.30 eV, respectively, and their saturated hydrogen storage capacities exceed the DOE target (6.5 wt %). Also the effect of some counterions on hydrogen storage has been explored. Moreover, doped ions prefer to exist as isolated elements on COFs, which is another advantage to realize hydrogen storage media.
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84.60.Ve Energy storage systems, including capacitor banks
68.43.Mn Adsorption kinetics

Real-time gap impedance monitoring of dielectrophoretic assembly of multiwalled carbon nanotubes

Libao An and Craig R. Friedrich

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 173103 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2918016 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 28 April 2008

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We report on a real-time monitoring method for the assembly of a small number of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) by dielectrophoresis (DEP). A time-varying impedance model was developed to estimate the number of MWNTs which span an electrode gap indicated by the instantaneous decrease of gap impedance during DEP. Sudden decreases in gap impedance signals corresponding to tube deposition were measured. The impedance values agreed with the impedance model. Experiments confirmed that DEP assembly and measurement of gap impedance changes due to tube deposition can be accomplished with a single instrument, also providing a feedback signal for DEP process control.
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81.15.Pq Electrodeposition, electroplating
82.45.Qr Electrodeposition and electrodissolution
06.30.Ka Basic electromagnetic quantities
84.37.+q Measurements in electric variables (including voltage, current, resistance, capacitance, inductance, impedance, and admittance, etc.)

Tunable wettability in surface-modified ZnO-based hierarchical nanostructures

Gongping Li, Tao Chen, Bin Yan, Yun Ma, Zhou Zhang, Ting Yu, Zexiang Shen, Hongyu Chen, and Tom Wu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 173104 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2918447 (3 pages) | Cited 24 times

Online Publication Date: 29 April 2008

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Designing geometrical structures and making chemical modifications are two effective routes to tailor wettability. ZnO-based hierarchical nanostructures, in particular, vertically aligned nanoneedles and nanonails were employed as a platform to study the effect of surface morphology. The hydrophobicity and the variation of contact angle in the as-grown samples were attributed to the combined effects of surface roughness and partial water-solid contact. Subsequent chemical modifications with stearic acid led to superhydrophobic ZnO surfaces, while annealing in air resulted into superhydrophilicity. Under the alternations of coating and removal of stearic acid, reversible transitions between superhydrophilicity and hydrophobicity were realized.
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81.05.Dz II-VI semiconductors
81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
68.47.Fg Semiconductor surfaces
81.65.-b Surface treatments
61.72.Cc Kinetics of defect formation and annealing
61.46.Df Structure of nanocrystals and nanoparticles ("colloidal" quantum dots but not gate-isolated embedded quantum dots)

Toward high output-power nanogenerator

Jin Liu, Peng Fei, Jun Zhou, Rao Tummala, and Zhong Lin Wang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 173105 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2918840 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 29 April 2008

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In this paper, the factors that determine the power output of a piezoelectric nanowire (NW) nanogenerator (NG) have been analyzed. The output current is the sum of those contributed by all of the NWs while the output voltage is determined by the voltage generated by a single NW, the capacitance of the NW array and the system, and the contact resistance. By growing uniform ZnO NWs with diameters of ∼ 100 nm and lengths of ∼ 5 μm, the output current density and output voltage of the NG was improved to ∼ 8.3 μA/cm2 and 10 mV, respectively, which are 20–30 times higher than that we previously reported. A power generation density of ∼ 83 nW/cm2 is achieved by using a single layer NW NG.
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85.50.-n Dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric devices
85.35.-p Nanoelectronic devices

Optical determination of the flexural rigidity of carbon nanotube ensembles

C. Ni, C. Deck, K. S. Vecchio, and P. R. Bandaru

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 173106 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2917569 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 30 April 2008

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We demonstrate two simple and consistent optical methods for quantitatively determining the flexural rigidity EI (where E is the elastic modulus and I the moment of inertia), a quantity of practical importance in determining the deflection and buckling characteristics of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). This is done through monitoring the deflection of patterned arrays of CNTs, which are subject to fluid flow. In addition to mechanical characterization of filamentous nanostructures, the implications of our work extend to the monitoring of nanoscale fluid flows for tactile and shear force sensors and the characterization of the mechanosensor response of cilia in physiology.
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81.70.Fy Nondestructive testing: optical methods
81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity, stress-strain relations
81.40.Lm Deformation, plasticity, and creep
62.20.de Elastic moduli
62.20.F- Deformation and plasticity

Microstructural evolution of strained heteroepitaxial multilayers

H. Ramanarayan, N. V. Medhekar, and V. B. Shenoy

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 173107 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2906488 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 30 April 2008

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A nonlinear model using the phase-field approach is developed to study microstructural evolution during the growth of strained heteroepitaxial multilayers. The strain from the buried layers is observed to influence the nucleation of islands in subsequently deposited strained layers. The patterns obtained during the evolution of multilayers are determined by the interplay of strain relaxation and deposition flux leading to formation of coordinated, stacked islands in the low flux regime and planar growth in the high flux regime, in agreement with the experimental observations.
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68.55.ag Semiconductors

Phototermal self-excitation of nanomechanical resonators in liquids

D. Ramos, J. Mertens, M. Calleja, and J. Tamayo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 173108 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2917718 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 30 April 2008

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We report the use of the photothermal actuation for the self-excitation of a selected vibration mode of a microcantilever in liquid. The gain of the positive feedback loop is adjusted in order to obtain a negative effective damping. In this regime, the amplitude noise is squeezed due to the nonlinear saturation of the system and the phase noise is largely reduced. The microcantilever vibration achieved a frequency stability of the order of 1 ppm for a bandwidth of 1 Hz. This is at least two orders of magnitude better than previous measurements in liquids. The obtained sensitivity is applied for detecting in real time the change of the fluid properties when glycerol is added to water at a concentration of 1% (m/m).
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85.85.+j Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and devices
07.10.Cm Micromechanical devices and systems

Piezoelectrically pumped parametric amplification and Q enhancement in an electromechanical oscillator

I. Mahboob and H. Yamaguchi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 173109 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2903709 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 30 April 2008

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The frequency response of an electromechanical oscillator was measured while being parametrically pumped by double frequency modulations to the effective spring constant via the piezoelectric effect. A 13 dB gain in the resonance amplitude was observed by increasing the pump power where further increase was limited by parametric excitation of the fundamental mode. Concurrently, the coherent amplification resulted in the quality factor of the resonance also being enhanced by ∼ 2.5 times. The on-chip degenerate piezoelectric parametric amplification demonstrated here could be implemented in nanoelectromechanical oscillators to bypass the detrimental effects of size minimization.
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77.65.Fs Electromechanical resonance; quartz resonators
84.30.Ng Oscillators, pulse generators, and function generators
85.50.-n Dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric devices

Length dependence of current-induced breakdown in carbon nanofiber interconnects

Hirohiko Kitsuki, Toshishige Yamada, Drazen Fabris, John R. Jameson, Patrick Wilhite, Makoto Suzuki, and Cary Y. Yang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 173110 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2918839 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 1 May 2008

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Current-induced breakdown is investigated for carbon nanofibers (CNF) for potential interconnect applications. The measured maximum current density in the suspended CNF is inversely proportional to the nanofiber length and is independent of diameter. This relationship can be described with a heat transport model that takes into account Joule heating and heat diffusion along the CNF, assuming that breakdown occurs when and where the temperature reaches a threshold or critical value.
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77.22.Jp Dielectric breakdown and space-charge effects
81.05.U- Carbon/carbon-based materials

Thermal stability of graded exchange spring media under the influence of external fields

D. Suess, J. Fidler, G. Zimanyi, T. Schrefl, and P. Visscher

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 173111 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2908052 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 1 May 2008

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The thermal stability of graded exchange spring media for perpendicular recording is investigated. It is found that the energy barrier linearly decreases with the external field strength. This leads to a high thermal stability in the low frequency recording limit, where large demagnetizing fields act on the media. The attempt frequency of graded media is about a factor of 5 larger than the attempt frequency of comparable single phase media.
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75.50.Ss Magnetic recording materials
75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects

Nanoscale ferromagnetic chromium oxide film from gas-phase nanocluster deposition

Yanping Chen, Kui Ding, Ling Yang, Bo Xie, Fengqi Song, Jianguo Wan, Guanghou Wang, and Min Han

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 173112 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2919077 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 1 May 2008

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Ferromagnetic film of densely packing chromium oxide nanoparticles has been fabricated by vacuum deposition of chromium oxide clusters at room temperature. The clusters were generated with a magnetron plasma gas aggregation source by introducing a mixture of argon and oxygen as buffer gas. A magnetic hysteresis loop similar to that of bulk CrO2 was observed in a wide temperature range. The rise in the ferromagnetic property of the film was attributed to the nanoscale CrO2 composition. The work demonstrates a simple way to fabricate ferromagnetic films of chromium oxide nanoparticles under high-vacuum compatible low temperature condition.
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75.75.-c Magnetic properties of nanostructures
75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems; nanocrystalline materials
75.50.Dd Nonmetallic ferromagnetic materials
75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects

Large cryogenic magnetocaloric effect of DyCo2 nanoparticles without encapsulation

S. Ma, W. B. Cui, D. Li, N. K. Sun, D. Y. Geng, X. Jiang, and Z. D. Zhang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 173113 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2919079 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 1 May 2008

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The structure and formation of nanoparticles without encapsulation of the intermetallic compound DyCo2 were investigated by using x-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The DyCo2 nanoparticles are stable in air without any shell protection. A large magnetic-entropy change of 13.2 J kg−1 K−1 was found at 7.5 K in an applied-field change from 1 to 7 T, which is ascribed to the large magnetic moment density and the weak interaction energy in the nanoparticles. Such oxidation-resistant rare-earth transition-metal compound nanoparticles with large cryogenic magnetocaloric effect are useful for refrigeration applications at low temperatures.
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75.30.Sg Magnetocaloric effect, magnetic cooling
75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems; nanocrystalline materials
75.75.-c Magnetic properties of nanostructures

Near-field light emission from dark states excitonic occupations

G. Pistone, S. Savasta, O. Di Stefano, G. Martino, R. Girlanda, and S. Portolan

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 173114 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2917441 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 1 May 2008

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We theoretically analyze the carrier capture and distribution among the available energy levels of a symmetric semiconductor quantum dot under continuous-wave excitation resonant with the barrier energy levels. At low temperature, all the dot level occupations but one monotonically decrease with energy. The uncovered exception, corresponding to the second (dark) energy level, displays a carrier density exceeding that of the lowest level by more than a factor two. The root cause is not radiative recombination before relaxation, but instead, carrier trapping due to the symmetry-induced suppression of radiative recombination. Such a behavior can be observed by collection-mode near-field optical microscopy.
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78.67.Hc Quantum dots
61.46.Df Structure of nanocrystals and nanoparticles ("colloidal" quantum dots but not gate-isolated embedded quantum dots)
68.65.Hb Quantum dots (patterned in quantum wells)
72.20.Jv Charge carriers: generation, recombination, lifetime, and trapping
78.55.-m Photoluminescence, properties and materials
73.63.Kv Quantum dots

Patterning of single walled carbon nanotubes using a low-fluence excimer laser photoablation process

Junghun Chae, Xinning Ho, John A. Rogers, and Kanti Jain

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 173115 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2919093 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 1 May 2008

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Carbon nanotube films were patterned by an excimer laser projection photoablation process at low incident energy conditions. The carbon nanotubes were deposited on a quartz substrate and then a conventional photoresist was coated on it as a photoablation assistor. The photoresist and the carbon nanotubes were simultaneously patterned by the projection photoablation process, and then the photoresist was removed. It was possible to make clean patterns of carbon nanotubes even though the incident fluence on the carbon nanotubes was significantly lower than the threshold energy otherwise needed for their direct ablation.
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81.16.Rf Micro- and nanoscale pattern formation
52.38.Mf Laser ablation
61.80.Ba Ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation effects (including laser radiation)
61.46.Fg Nanotubes

Near-infrared absorption and semimetal-semiconductor transition in 2 nm ErAs nanoparticles embedded in GaAs and AlAs

Michael A. Scarpulla, Joshua M. O. Zide, James M. LeBeau, Chris G. Van de Walle, Arthur C. Gossard, and Kris T. Delaney

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 173116 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2908213 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 1 May 2008

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We report strong near-infrared absorption peaks in epitaxial films of GaAs and AlAs containing approximately 0.5–5% of the semimetal ErAs. The energy of the resonant absorption peak can be changed from 0.62 to 1.0 eV (2.2–1.4 μm) by variation of the ErAs volume fraction and the substrate temperature. We interpret the infrared absorption in terms of transitions across an energy gap caused by a confinement-induced semimetal-semiconductor transition. An effective mass model relates the changes in nanoparticle diameter observed in transmission electron microscopy to the energy gap.
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71.20.Nr Semiconductor compounds
71.30.+h Metal-insulator transitions and other electronic transitions
68.37.Og High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM)
78.66.Fd III-V semiconductors
78.30.Fs III-V and II-VI semiconductors
71.18.+y Fermi surface: calculations and measurements; effective mass, g factor

Microwave-absorption properties of ZnO-coated iron nanocapsules

X. G. Liu, D. Y. Geng, H. Meng, P. J. Shang, and Z. D. Zhang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 173117 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2919098 (3 pages) | Cited 72 times

Online Publication Date: 1 May 2008

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The electromagnetic (EM) characteristics of ZnO-coated Fe nanocapsules synthesized by arc discharging were studied at 2–18 GHz. A reflection loss (RL) exceeding −20 dB was obtained in the frequency range of 6.1–15.7 GHz for an absorber thickness of 1.5–5 mm. An optimal RL of −57.1 dB was found at 7.8 GHz for an absorber thickness of 3.00 mm. The excellent microwave-absorption properties are a consequence of a proper EM match in the nano-microstructure, a strong natural resonance, as well as multipolarization mechanisms. ZnO-coated Fe nanocapsules may be attractive candidates for EM-wave-absorption materials.
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77.22.Ch Permittivity (dielectric function)
75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects
81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing

Spin confinement in the superlattices of graphene ribbons

M. Topsakal, H. Sevinçli, and S. Ciraci

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 173118 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2919525 (3 pages) | Cited 24 times

Online Publication Date: 1 May 2008

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Based on first-principles calculations, we showed that repeated heterostructures of zigzag graphene nanoribbons of different widths form multiple quantum well structures. Edge states of specific spin directions can be confined in these wells. The electronic and magnetic state of the ribbon can be modulated in real space. In specific geometries, the absence of reflection symmetry causes the magnetic ground state of whole heterostructure to change from antiferromagnetic to ferrimagnetic. These quantum structures of different geometries provide unique features for spintronic applications.
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75.70.Cn Magnetic properties of interfaces (multilayers, superlattices, heterostructures)
75.50.Pp Magnetic semiconductors
75.75.-c Magnetic properties of nanostructures
75.50.Ee Antiferromagnetics
75.50.Gg Ferrimagnetics
75.30.Kz Magnetic phase boundaries (including classical and quantum magnetic transitions, metamagnetism, etc.)

Crucial role of interdiffusion on magnetic properties of in situ formed MgO/Fe3−δO4 heterostructured nanowires

Aurelian Marcu, Takeshi Yanagida, Kazuki Nagashima, Keisuke Oka, Hidekazu Tanaka, and Tomoji Kawai

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 173119 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2918132 (3 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 1 May 2008

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Although a heterointerface in oxides plays a crucial role on the properties, such heterointerface effects on oxide nanowires have not been well understood. Here, we demonstrate the crucial role of atomic interdiffusion on the magnetic properties of in situ formed MgO/Fe3−δO4 heterostructured nanowires. The wide variation of nanowire heterointerfaces was found when varying the growth atmosphere. The occurrence of the interdiffusion and the large interface area of nanowires strongly affect the magnetism via forming mixed spinel structures at the heterointerface. Thus, it is crucial to precisely control the atomic interdiffusion at the heterointerface for the desired properties of heterostructured oxide nanowires.
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75.70.Cn Magnetic properties of interfaces (multilayers, superlattices, heterostructures)
75.75.-c Magnetic properties of nanostructures
81.16.Mk Laser-assisted deposition
75.50.Dd Nonmetallic ferromagnetic materials

How a silver dendritic mesocrystal converts to a single crystal

Jixiang Fang, Bingjun Ding, Xiaoping Song, and Yong Han

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 173120 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2888770 (3 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 2 May 2008

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In this paper, we demonstrate how a silver dendrite transforms from mesocrystal into single crystal and the stability for a dendritic silver mesocrystal within a Sn/AgNO3 galvanic replacement reaction. Our findings provide the direct evidence and visible picture of the transformation from mesocrystal to single crystalline structure and further confirm the particle-mediated crystallization mechanism. At the initial stage of the transformation, there is a crystallographic fusion process, dominated by oriented attachment mechanism. Ostwald ripening also plays an important role in forming smooth surface and regular shape of the final nanocrystal.
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68.70.+w Whiskers and dendrites (growth, structure, and nonelectronic properties)
64.70.kd Metals and alloys

Atomic force microscopy measurement of the Young’s modulus and hardness of single LaB6 nanowires

Han Zhang, Jie Tang, Lin Zhang, Bai An, and Lu-Chang Qin

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 173121 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2919718 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 2 May 2008

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We have employed the atomic force microscopy based (a) three-point bending and (b) nanoindentation methods to obtain the Young’s modulus and hardness of single LaB6 nanowires. The Young’s modulus, E = 467.1±15.8 GPa, is the same as that of the LaB6 single crystals but larger than the sintered polycrystalline LaB6 samples. The nanoindentation hardness of the LaB6 nanowire is H = 70.6±2.1 GPa at an indent depth of 4.6 nm, which is higher than that of the LaB6 single crystals, LaB6 polycrystals, and W metals. A superior resistance against thermal vibration, field modification, and ion bombardment is expected for the LaB6 nanowires as a field-emission point electron source.
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81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity, stress-strain relations
81.40.Np Fatigue, corrosion fatigue, embrittlement, cracking, fracture, and failure
81.40.Lm Deformation, plasticity, and creep
62.20.de Elastic moduli
62.20.Qp Friction, tribology, and hardness
62.20.F- Deformation and plasticity
62.20.mm Fracture
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