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9 Jun 2008

Volume 92, Issue 23, Articles (23xxxx)

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 231901 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2938921 (3 pages)

N. A. Mara, D. Bhattacharyya, P. Dickerson, R. G. Hoagland, and A. Misra
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Size-induced metal insulator transition and glassy magnetic behavior in La0.5Sr0.5CoO3 nanoparticles

B. Roy and S. Das

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 233101 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2943188 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 9 June 2008

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Structural, electrical, and magnetic properties of La0.5Sr0.5CoO3 nanoparticles prepared by sol-gel technique are investigated and the results reveal a size-induced metal insulator transition in the electrotransport behavior. The field cooled and zero field cooled magnetizations display a broad paramagnetic to ferromagnetic transition at Tc with a large magnetic irreversibility. Attempts are made to get an idea about the spin states in the nanoparticles. The observed frequency dependent shoulder in the in-phase (χ′) component and the peak in the out of phase (χ″) component of the ac susceptibility in the low temperature region indicate the glassy nature of the samples.
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71.30.+h Metal-insulator transitions and other electronic transitions
72.60.+g Mixed conductivity and conductivity transitions
73.63.Bd Nanocrystalline materials
75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects
75.30.Kz Magnetic phase boundaries (including classical and quantum magnetic transitions, metamagnetism, etc.)
75.40.-s Critical-point effects, specific heats, short-range order

Narrow-band, tunable infrared emission from arrays of microstrip patches

Irina Puscasu and William L. Schaich

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 233102 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2938716 (3 pages) | Cited 22 times

Online Publication Date: 10 June 2008

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We demonstrate through a combination of theory and experiment that an array of microstrip patches leads to a surface with sharp and tunable emission bands. The physical mechanisms and locations for various emission peaks are described via both analytical theory and numerical simulations. These predictions agree well with our experimental data, taken on systems designed to emit strongly in the infrared. The main peak, which arises from plasmons trapped under a patch, can be well separated from other spectral structures, narrow in wavelength, but broad in angular distribution.
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84.40.Az Waveguides, transmission lines, striplines
73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)
78.30.-j Infrared and Raman spectra

Enhancement of switching speed by laser-induced clustering of nanoparticles in magnetic fluids

Hai-Dong Deng, Jin Liu, Wei-Ren Zhao, Wei Zhang, Xu-Sheng Lin, Ting Sun, Qiao-Feng Dai, Li-Jun Wu, Sheng Lan, and Achanta Venu Gopal

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 233103 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2942388 (3 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 10 June 2008

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The switching speed of magnetic fluids was investigated by using laser light of different power densities as well as incandescent light. It was found that the switching speed exhibited a strong dependence on incident power density and there existed an optimum value at which the fastest switching operation was achieved. In addition, it was revealed that the clustering of magnetic nanoparticles, which became resolved at large power densities, resulted in a rapid agglomeration of nanoparticles when a magnetic field was applied. It is suggested that the optical trapping force of the laser beam is responsible for the formation of clusters.
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75.60.-d Domain effects, magnetization curves, and hysteresis
61.80.Ba Ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation effects (including laser radiation)
75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems; nanocrystalline materials
75.50.Mm Magnetic liquids

Three-dimensional imaging of a complex concaved cuboctahedron copper sulfide crystal by x-ray nanotomography

Jie Chen, Chunyan Wu, Jinping Tian, Wenjie Li, Shuhong Yu, and Yangchao Tian

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 233104 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2943337 (3 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 10 June 2008

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By combining Fresnel zone-plate based transmission x-ray microscopy with computed tomography, the nanoscale features in materials with complex shapes can be imaged using synchrotron radiation. The tomographic data sets of a complex copper sulfide crystal were acquired in the angle range ±70° at photon energy of 8.0 keV and then were reconstructed by a standard filtered-back-projection algorithm. This experiment shows the quantifiable three-dimensional information of the copper sulfide crystal, which offers a complete understanding of the concaved cuboctahedron structure with 14 faces comprising of six squares and eight triangles.
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07.85.Tt X-ray microscopes
61.66.Fn Inorganic compounds
61.46.Hk Nanocrystals

Carrier multiplication in carbon nanotubes studied by femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy

Akihiro Ueda, Kazunari Matsuda, Takeshi Tayagaki, and Yoshihiko Kanemitsu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 233105 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2943649 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 10 June 2008

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Carbon nanotubes are one of the excellent materials for studying the many-body effects of excitons because of their unique band structures and large exciton binding energies. We studied exciton population dynamics in single-walled carbon nanotubes using pump-probe transient absorption measurements. The temporal profiles of the transient absorption signals depend on the excitation intensity and excitation photon energy. We observe carrier multiplication in carbon nanotubes at room temperature, when the excitation photon energy exceeds the third subband exciton energy.
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73.21.-b Electron states and collective excitations in multilayers, quantum wells, mesoscopic, and nanoscale systems
71.35.-y Excitons and related phenomena
78.47.D- Time resolved spectroscopy (>1 psec)
78.67.Ch Nanotubes

Subwavelength nondiffraction beam generated by a plasmonic lens

Ding-Zheng Lin, Chih-Hao Chen, Chin-Kai Chang, Tsung-Dar Cheng, Chau-Shioung Yeh, and Chih-Kung Lee

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 233106 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2943274 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 11 June 2008

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We experimentally examined the near-field and far-field optical properties of a subwavelength annular aperture (SAA) made on silver film and undertook finite difference time domain simulations. In our near-field measurements, an interference pattern with a period very close to half of the surface plasmon (SP) wavelength (λSP/2) was found on the surface of the silver film. Moreover, we observed that the transmitted light of the 442 nm incident laser was focused at several micrometers behind the silver SAA structure at a tiny spot (354 nm) and with a remarkable 31 μm depth of focus. This implies that the silver SAA structure can generate a nondiffraction beam and can be used to fabricate high aspect ratio subwavelength structures.
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73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)
42.15.Eq Optical system design
02.70.Bf Finite-difference methods
78.68.+m Optical properties of surfaces

Parallel laser printing of nanoparticulate silver thin film patterns for electronics

Hyunkwon Shin, Hyeongjae Lee, Jinwoo Sung, and Myeongkyu Lee

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 233107 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2944232 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 11 June 2008

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This report discusses a parallel laser printing process for fabricating metallization patterns, which utilizes a pulsed laser-induced thermoelastic force exerting on nanoparticles. Silver thin films solution deposited on a glass substrate were transferred onto diverse receiver substrates such as Si, glass, and plastics by a spatially modulated Nd:YAG pulsed laser beam (1064 nm, 6 ns pulse width). High-fidelity patterns at the sub-10 μm scales could be printed over several cm2 by a single pulse with 850 mJ of energy. The fabrication of organic thin film transistors is demonstrated using printed source and drain Ag electrodes.
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81.16.Rf Micro- and nanoscale pattern formation
85.40.Ls Metallization, contacts, interconnects; device isolation
42.62.-b Laser applications
85.30.Tv Field effect devices
81.15.Fg Pulsed laser ablation deposition
68.60.-p Physical properties of thin films, nonelectronic

All-optical switching using controlled formation of large volume three-dimensional optical matter

Jin Liu, Qiao-Feng Dai, Zi-Ming Meng, Xu-Guang Huang, Li-Jun Wu, Qi Guo, Wei Hu, Sheng Lan, Achanta Venu Gopal, and V. A. Trofimov

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 233108 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2944233 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 11 June 2008

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We demonstrated the creation of large volume three-dimensional optical matter by optically trapping polystyrene spheres in a capillary and the resulting switching operation. The formation of optical matter was confirmed by examining the diffraction pattern of the trap region. Optical switching with an extinction ratio as large as ∼ 20 dB was realized. From the dynamics of the optical matter, it was found that the transition from a disordered state to an ordered one appeared to be quite fast while the recovery of the system to the disordered state took a much longer time.
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42.79.Ta Optical computers, logic elements, interconnects, switches; neural networks
42.50.Wk Mechanical effects of light on material media, microstructures and particles
42.25.Fx Diffraction and scattering

Localized surface plasmons in Al/Si structure and Ag/SiO2/Ag emitter with different concentric metal rings

Yi-Tsung Chang, Yi-Han Ye, Dah-Ching Tzuang, Yi-Ting Wu, Chieh-Hung Yang, Chi-Feng Chan, Yu-Wei Jiang, and Si-Chen Lee

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 233109 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2938879 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 12 June 2008

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This paper reports the optical properties of Al/Si structure and trilayer Ag/SiO2/Ag plasmonic thermal emitter with different concentric metal rings on top metal film. It is found that when the metal width is smaller than 40% of the period ( = gap+metal width), the (1,0) Al/Si surface plasmon leads to a maximum in the transmission spectra; otherwise, the opposite is observed. The dispersion relations and emission spectra of the plasmonic thermal emitters were investigated. The emission peaks are independent of the gap width and redshift as annular metal width increases. This phenomenon suggests the excitation of Fabry-Pérot type resonance within cavity of Ag/SiO2/Ag structure. No (1,0) Ag/SiO2 surface plasmon was observed.
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73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)
78.68.+m Optical properties of surfaces
78.66.Bz Metals and metallic alloys

Magnetic field dependence of the effective permittivity in BaTiO3/Ni nanocomposites observed via microwave spectroscopy

V. Castel and C. Brosseau

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 233110 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2943153 (3 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 12 June 2008

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We demonstrate large increases of the real and imaginary parts of the microwave effective complex permittivity of a series of (piezoelectric)BaTiO3/(magnetostrictive) Ni nanocomposites under the action of a magnetic field, by about 10% at 2 kOe and 300% at 5 kOe, respectively. We suggest that the magnetic field dependence of the effective permittivity is consistent with a magnetoelectric effect which can be qualitatively understood within a model in which the piezoelectric phase is mechanically coupled to the magnetostrictive phase.
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77.22.Ch Permittivity (dielectric function)
75.80.+q Magnetomechanical effects, magnetostriction
61.46.Df Structure of nanocrystals and nanoparticles ("colloidal" quantum dots but not gate-isolated embedded quantum dots)
77.84.Bw Elements, oxides, nitrides, borides, carbides, chalcogenides, etc.
78.70.Gq Microwave and radio-frequency interactions

Layer-by-layer epitaxial growth of Mg on GaN(0001)

S. Pezzagna, S. Vézian, J. Brault, and J. Massies

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 233111 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2943323 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 12 June 2008

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It is shown that Mg deposition at room temperature on a GaN(0001) surface, obtained in situ by molecular beam epitaxy, gives rise to a layer-by-layer epitaxial growth mode. The study by reflection high-energy electron diffraction and scanning tunneling microscopy clearly evidences that a two-dimensional nucleation growth mechanism occurs from the very first Mg monolayer deposited. A complete covering of the GaN surface is obtained from the deposition of the first two monolayers of Mg.
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81.15.Hi Molecular, atomic, ion, and chemical beam epitaxy
68.55.at Other materials
68.37.Ef Scanning tunneling microscopy (including chemistry induced with STM)

Structural degradation and optical property of nanocrystalline ZnO films grown on Si (100)

Boqian Yang, Ashok Kumar, Peter Feng, and R. S. Katiyar

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 233112 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2943656 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 12 June 2008

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Structural degradation of nanocrystalline ZnO films was observed with an increase in films thickness. Nanocrystalline epitaxial thin film with thickness of ∼ 170 nm changed to polycrystalline ∼ 900 nm with an increase in deposition time. Surface morphology revealed an average grain size of 30–50 nm. Spatial correlation model indicated structural disorder due to relative disorientation of crystalline phases at nanoscale. The photoluminescence spectra showed free exciton (FX) ∼ 3.31 eV, donor bound-exciton (DoX) ∼ 3.26 and donor-acceptor-pair (DAP) ∼ 3.22 eV for thin films, which redshift, i.e., FX ∼ 3.30, DoX ∼ 3.24 eV, and DAP ∼ 3.19–3.17 eV for thicker films (400–900 nm).
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68.55.jd Thickness
78.66.Hf II-VI semiconductors
78.55.Et II-VI semiconductors
68.35.bg Semiconductors
71.35.-y Excitons and related phenomena
71.55.Gs II-VI semiconductors

Tuning of emission colors in zinc oxide quantum dots

D. Haranath, Sonal Sahai, and Prachi Joshi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 233113 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2944142 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 12 June 2008

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High brightness zinc oxide quantum dots were made with intentional alkali metal doping using quantum-confined atom model. The tuning of emission spectrum in the range of 480–562 nm was achieved by dispersing them in solvents with varying index of refraction. The observed emission bands are quite distinct from the nonstructured green emission of zinc oxide at 2.4 eV (515 nm) but are attributed to donor-acceptor recombination involving the zinc vacancy and Li+/Na+, or the modifications assigned to the surface states by the surrounding medium. The photoluminescence shifts are found to be sensitive to refractive index term n2−1/2n2+1 useful for practical applications.
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78.67.Hc Quantum dots
78.55.Et II-VI semiconductors
61.72.jd Vacancies
73.63.Kv Quantum dots
73.21.La Quantum dots
61.72.uj III-V and II-VI semiconductors

Influence of molecular weight and conformation on single-photon emission from isolated conjugated polymer chains

Sadahiro Masuo, Tomoya Tanaka, Shinjiro Machida, and Akira Itaya

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 233114 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2944256 (3 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 12 June 2008

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The influence of molecular weight (MW) and chain conformation on single-photon emission from isolated chains of poly[2-methoxy,5-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)-p-phenylene-vinylene] have been investigated. The probability of single-photon emission clearly increased with decreasing MW, and when the polymer chains adopted the “collapsed” conformation, this probability was larger than for the “extended” conformation. Even single polymer chains of high MW behaved as single-photon sources by adopting the collapsed conformation. These results indicate that multi-quantum systems consisting of a large number of chromophores can be made to behave as single-photon sources by appropriately controlling their size.
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61.41.+e Polymers, elastomers, and plastics
71.35.-y Excitons and related phenomena
78.55.Kz Solid organic materials

Atomic scale characterization of buried InxGa1−xAs quantum dots using pulsed laser atom probe tomography

M. Müller, A. Cerezo, G. D. W. Smith, L. Chang, and S. S. A. Gerstl

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 233115 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2918846 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 13 June 2008

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Atom probe tomography (APT) has been used to study InxGa1−xAs quantum dots buried in GaAs. The dots have an average base width of 16.1±1.1 nm and height of 3.5±0.3 nm, but a wide range of sizes. APT composition profiles across the dots are similar to a previous study by cross-sectional scanning transmission electron microscopy, but show significant gallium incorporation (average x = 0.22±0.01). The direct three-dimensional nature of the APT data also reveals the complex spatial distribution of indium within the dots. Data such as these are vital for optimizing the performance of quantum dot materials and devices.
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68.65.Hb Quantum dots (patterned in quantum wells)
73.21.La Quantum dots

Multiphoton absorption induced amplified spontaneous emission from biocatalyst-synthesized ZnO nanorods

Chunfeng Zhang, Fan Zhang, Shixiong Qian, Nitin Kumar, Jong-in Hahm, and Jian Xu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 233116 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2927486 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 13 June 2008

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Multiphoton absorption-induced photoluminescence and amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) have been observed from ZnO nanorod arrays upon near-infrared excitation (λexc ∼ 800 nm). A low threshold of ∼ 12 mJ/cm2 was demonstrated for the ASE process. The ultraviolet emission can be attributed to the recombination of carriers coexcited by the processes of three-photon and off-resonant two-photon absorption, which was confirmed by the excitation wavelength-dependent experiments. Additionally, it has been observed that the processes of ASE and second harmonic generation in ZnO nanorods appear to enhance each other when the excitation wavelength approaches the resonant wavelength for two-photon absorption.
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78.67.-n Optical properties of low-dimensional, mesoscopic, and nanoscale materials and structures
78.55.Et II-VI semiconductors
78.45.+h Stimulated emission
42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation

Magnetostatic interactions between carbon nanotubes filled with magnetic nanoparticles

Konstantin G. Kornev, Derek Halverson, Guzeliya Korneva, Yury Gogotsi, and Gary Friedman

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 233117 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2940303 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 13 June 2008

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The magnetostatic interactions between carbon nanotubes filled with magnetic particles have been experimentally and theoretically studied. By making nanotubes uniformly magnetized, one eliminates the attraction caused by periodicity of nanoparticles in magnetic chains. The discreteness of individual nanoparticles in the nanoneedles is not observed and these nanoneedles interact by their magnetic poles. Since the attraction/repulsion events are predictable, the suspensions of magnetic nanotubes are attractive candidates for active elements in changeable diffraction gratings, filters, and polarizers.
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75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems; nanocrystalline materials

Segregation of oxygen vacancy at metal-HfO2 interfaces

Eunae Cho, Bora Lee, Choong-Ki Lee, Seungwu Han, Sang Ho Jeon, Bae Ho Park, and Yong-Sung Kim

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 233118 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2943322 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 13 June 2008

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We perform first-principles calculations on metal-HfO2 interfaces in the presence of oxygen vacancies. Pt, Al, Ti, and Ag are considered as electrodes. It is found that oxygen vacancies are strongly attracted to the interface with binding energies of up to several eVs. In addition, the vacancy affinity of interfaces is proportional to the work function of metals, which is understood by the transition level of the vacancy and metal-Hf bonding. Interfacial segregation of vacancies significantly affects effective work functions of p metals. Our results are consistent with flatband shifts in p-type field effect transistors employing high-k dielectrics and metal gates.
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73.40.Ns Metal-nonmetal contacts
73.30.+y Surface double layers, Schottky barriers, and work functions
61.72.jd Vacancies
71.15.Mb Density functional theory, local density approximation, gradient and other corrections

Anomalous magnetoresistance oscillations and enhanced superconductivity in single-crystal Pb nanobelts

Jian Wang, Xu-Cun Ma, Li Lu, Ai-Zi Jin, Chang-Zhi Gu, X. C. Xie, Jin-Feng Jia, Xi Chen, and Qi-Kun Xue

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 233119 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2945280 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 13 June 2008

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Using atomically flat single-crystal Pb ultrathin films grown on Si(111) substrate by molecular beam epitaxy, we fabricated Pb nanobelts of 28 atomic monolayers thick, 285 nm wide, and 10 μm long by focus ion beam technique. The transport property is measured and the results are compared to the Pb films. We find that below the superconducting transition temperature TC, the resistance of the nanobelts exhibits clear and reproducible oscillations as a function of perpendicular magnetic field, which are not observed in the Pb films. In addition, TC enhancement was also observed in the nanobelts. The results suggest that the single-crystal Pb nanobelts prepared on Si semiconductor substrate offer a great opportunity for integrating superconducting circuits in a single Si chip.
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74.25.F- Transport properties
74.10.+v Occurrence, potential candidates
74.78.Na Mesoscopic and nanoscale systems

Effect of gate bias sweep rate on the electronic properties of ZnO nanowire field-effect transistors under different environments

Jongsun Maeng, Gunho Jo, Soon-Shin Kwon, Sunghoon Song, Jaeduck Seo, Seok-Ju Kang, Dong-Yu Kim, and Takhee Lee

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 233120 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2945637 (3 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 13 June 2008

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We report the effects of gate bias sweep rate on the electronic characteristics of ZnO nanowire field-effect transistors (FETs) under different environments. As the device was swept at slower gate bias sweep rates, the current decreased and threshold voltage shifted to a positive gate bias direction. These phenomena are attributed to increased adsorption of oxygen on the nanowire surface by the longer gate biasing time. Adsorbed oxygens capture electrons and cause a surface depletion in the nanowire channel. Different electrical trends were observed for ZnO nanowire FETs under different oxygen environments of ambient air, N2, and passivation.
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85.35.Be Quantum well devices (quantum dots, quantum wires, etc.)
85.30.Tv Field effect devices
85.35.-p Nanoelectronic devices

Molecular simulation of the carbon nanotube growth mode during catalytic synthesis

Soumik Banerjee, Sayangdev Naha, and Ishwar K. Puri

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 233121 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2945798 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 13 June 2008

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Catalyzed growth of carbon nanostructures occurs mainly through two modes, i.e., base growth when the metal nanoparticle remains at the bottom of the nanotube, or when it is lifted by the growing carbon nanostructure due to tip growth. A correct prediction of the dominant growth mode depends on the energy gain due to the addition of C atoms from the carbon-metal catalyst solution to the graphene sheets forming the carbon nanostructures. We determine this energy gain through atomistic scale molecular dynamics simulations. Our results suggest tip growth for Ni and base growth for Fe catalysts.
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81.07.De Nanotubes
61.46.Fg Nanotubes
61.48.De Structure of carbon nanotubes, boron nanotubes, and other related systems
81.16.Hc Catalytic methods
82.65.+r Surface and interface chemistry; heterogeneous catalysis at surfaces
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