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4 Feb 2008

Volume 92, Issue 5, Articles (05xxxx)

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 053301 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2838457 (3 pages)

Michael S. Arnold, Gregory J. McGraw, Stephen R. Forrest, and Richard R. Lunt
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Measurement of the slip length of water flow on graphite surface

Abdelhamid Maali, Touria Cohen-Bouhacina, and Hamid Kellay

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 053101 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2840717 (2 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 5 February 2008

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We present measurements of the hydrodynamic damping of an atomic force microscopy cantilever-tip immersed in water and approaching a mica surface or a graphite surface. Water completely wets the mica surface while it partially wets the graphite surface with a contact angle of 74°. The measurements show that the damping is higher on mica than on graphite giving a slip length of about 8 nm on this latter surface.
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68.08.-p Liquid-solid interfaces
68.35.Gy Mechanical properties; surface strains
68.37.Ps Atomic force microscopy (AFM)

A general approach for fabrication of superhydrophobic and superamphiphobic surfaces

Jinming Xi, Lin Feng, and Lei Jiang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 053102 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2839403 (3 pages) | Cited 31 times

Online Publication Date: 5 February 2008

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A simple one-step electrodeposition process is developed for the fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces on a series of substrates such as copper, titanium, iron, zinc, aluminum, and stannum. The hierarchical micro- and nanostructures endow these surfaces with excellent super-hydrophobicity and the resulting surfaces show superhydrophobicity even for some corrosive liquids including salt solutions and acidic and basic solutions at all pH values. Importantly, this approach can be easily applied to other systems such as the fabrication of superamphiphobic surfaces as long as the substrates are electrically conductive.
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81.15.Pq Electrodeposition, electroplating
81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
72.15.Eb Electrical and thermal conduction in crystalline metals and alloys
73.25.+i Surface conductivity and carrier phenomena

Torsional resonance atomic force microscopy in water

Nic Mullin and Jamie Hobbs

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 053103 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2841701 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 6 February 2008

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An atomic force microscope for use in liquids including water, in which a torsionally resonating microcantilever controls the tip-sample interaction, is presented. Magnetostrictive actuators made from a particulate composite of Terfenol-D are used to excite the torsional oscillations of the cantilever. The high quality factor (Q) of torsional oscillation gives high sensitivity to tip-sample forces, and the ability to work using the true resonance peak of the cantilever allows “phase” images corresponding to real mechanical contrast to be collected under liquid. High quality topographic and phase images of a delicate crystallizing polymer sample submerged in water are presented.
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07.79.Lh Atomic force microscopes
07.10.Cm Micromechanical devices and systems

Two-dimensional complete band gaps in one-dimensional metal-dielectric periodic structures

Jin-long Zhang, Hai-tao Jiang, Stefan Enoch, Gérard Tayeb, Boris Gralak, and Michel Lequime

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 053104 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2841640 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 6 February 2008

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It is widely believed that a one-dimensional (1D) periodic layered structure with ordinary materials can only have a band gap for certain propagation directions. However, we reveal that a 1D metal-dielectric periodic structure can trap transverse magnetic waves for any angle of propagation in a plane, owing to the existence of a two-dimensional (2D) complete band gap. The complete gap comes from Bragg scattering together with the cutoff effect of the metal-dielectric-metal waveguide. We discuss the criteria for the geometric and material parameters to realize a 2D complete gap and illustrate the complete band-gap effects with real structures.
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73.40.Rw Metal-insulator-metal structures
71.20.-b Electron density of states and band structure of crystalline solids

Fabrication of diamond nanopillars and their arrays

Y. S. Zou, Y. Yang, W. J. Zhang, Y. M. Chong, B. He, I. Bello, and S. T. Lee

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 053105 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2841822 (3 pages) | Cited 28 times

Online Publication Date: 7 February 2008

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High-density, uniform diamond nanopillar arrays were fabricated by employing bias-assisted reactive ion etching in a hydrogen/argon plasma. Gold nanodots were employed as etching masks. The formation of nanopillar structure is associated with the directional physical etching/sputtering by ion bombardment and selective chemical etching of sp2 carbons by reactive hydrogen atoms and ions. The density and geometry of the nanopillars depend on the initial structure of diamond films and reactive ion etching conditions. The nanopillars with high aspect ratio and large surface area may have potential applications in high-efficiency and high-sensitivity diamond-based biomedical and chemical sensors and in mechanical and thermal management.
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81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
81.65.Cf Surface cleaning, etching, patterning
07.07.Df Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing
87.85.-d Biomedical engineering

Control of homoepitaxial Si nanostructures by locally modified surface reactivity

A. Portavoce, R. Hull, M. C. Reuter, M. Copel, and F. M. Ross

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 053106 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2841673 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 7 February 2008

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We describe a technique for the homoepitaxial growth of epitaxial, faceted Si islands on Si(001), consisting of predeposition of Ga surfactant followed by ultrahigh vacuum chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of Si. Ga-mediated Si CVD leads to the formation of Si islands exhibiting {113} and {102} facets. Surfactant-mediated CVD is shown to provide a new degree of freedom for the production of nanoscale structures without lithography.
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81.05.Cy Elemental semiconductors
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-enhanced CVD, MOCVD, ALD, etc.)
81.15.-z Methods of deposition of films and coatings; film growth and epitaxy
68.55.ag Semiconductors
82.65.+r Surface and interface chemistry; heterogeneous catalysis at surfaces

Amine-capped silicon quantum dots

Q. S. Li, R. Q. Zhang, S. T. Lee, T. A. Niehaus, and Th. Frauenheim

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 053107 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2841674 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 7 February 2008

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Water-soluble photoluminescent (PL) silicon quantum dots (SiQDs) can be obtained by surface modification with small organic molecules, while still leaving some sites uncovered by the employed organic molecules due to steric repulsion. Using a density-functional tight-binding method, we show the possibility of fully capping surface of SiQDs by amine, which is more effective in protecting the surface against oxidation. The presence of amine not only reduces the optical gaps but also results in a significant enhancement of absorbance and fluorescence. Moreover, the amine-capped SiQDs are expected to be water soluble and PL stable, and thus could be used as biological sensors.
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78.66.Db Elemental semiconductors and insulators
78.67.Hc Quantum dots
78.55.Ap Elemental semiconductors
81.65.Mq Oxidation
71.15.Mb Density functional theory, local density approximation, gradient and other corrections
71.15.Ap Basis sets (LCAO, plane-wave, APW, etc.) and related methodology (scattering methods, ASA, linearized methods, etc.)

Immobilization of layered double hydroxides in the fluidic system for nanoextraction of specific DNA molecules

Jem-Kun Chen, Chia-Hao Chan, and Feng-Chih Chang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 053108 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2840175 (3 pages) | Cited 19 times

Online Publication Date: 8 February 2008

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The purpose of this study was to immobilize inorganic layered double hydroxides (LDHs) on the poly(methylmethacrylate) substrate as the media to extract the specific DNA molecules through fluidic system to enhance the efficiency of extract specific DNA molecules from extremely low concentration in sample solution. LDH immobilized through solvent swelling and plasma treatment on the polymer surface captured the specific DNA molecules lysed from Escherichia coli (E. coli) cells as the target DNA molecules with 2×10−4 g/l of concentration in sample solution mixed biomacromolecules lysed from human blood. The encapsulated DNA molecules released through dissolving of LDHs by slight acid (pH = 4–5) solution then amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) process through the primers for E. coli cells. The DNA molecules amplified by PCR process were characterized by gel electrophoresis to recognize the existence of E. coli cells. The results show that immobilized LDHs could be regarded as the specific DNA detector for rapid disease diagnosis through fluidic system.
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87.80.-y Biophysical techniques (research methods)
87.14.gk DNA
87.15.N- Properties of solutions of macromolecules
87.15.Tt Electrophoresis
87.17.-d Cell processes
64.75.Bc Solubility

Conformal oxide coating of carbon nanotubes

S. Kawasaki, G. Catalan, H. J. Fan, M. M. Saad, J. M. Gregg, M. A. Correa-Duarte, J. Rybczynski, F. D. Morrison, T. Tatsuta, O. Tsuji, and J. F. Scott

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 053109 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2841710 (3 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 8 February 2008

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The International Roadmap for Ferroelectric Memories requires three-dimensional integration of high-dielectric materials onto metal interconnects or bottom electrodes by 2010. Here, we demonstrate the possibility of conformally coating carbon nanotubes with high-dielectric oxide as a first step toward ultrahigh integration density of three-dimensional ferroelectric random access memories.
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81.07.De Nanotubes
77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
77.55.-g Dielectric thin films
81.15.Lm Liquid phase epitaxy; deposition from liquid phases (melts, solutions, and surface layers on liquids)
68.55.aj Insulators

Electromagnetic coupling of light into a silicon solar cell by nanodisk plasmons

Carl Hägglund, Michael Zäch, Göran Petersson, and Bengt Kasemo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 053110 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2840676 (3 pages) | Cited 98 times

Online Publication Date: 8 February 2008

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Photocurrents of silicon pn junctions patterned with arrays of elliptical Au nanodisks were experimentally and theoretically investigated near the particle plasmon resonance wavelengths, for varying light polarizations and angles of incidence. At plasmon resonance wavelengths, overall backscattering and dissipation were strongly enhanced compared to an unpatterned junction, resulting in lower photocurrents. In contrast, enhanced photocurrents were observed for wavelengths slightly off resonance. Measurements and finite element calculations show that the photocurrent changes occur via plasmon-induced far field effects, rather than by near field enhancement close to the particles. The far field effects are strongly dependent on the particle proximity and coupling to the Si substrate.
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84.60.Jt Photoelectric conversion

Controlled synthesis of oriented single-crystal ZnO nanotube arrays on transparent conductive substrates

Guang-Wei She, Xiao-Hong Zhang, Wen-Sheng Shi, Xia Fan, Jack C. Chang, Chun-Sing Lee, Shuit-Tong Lee, and Chang-Hong Liu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 053111 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2842386 (3 pages) | Cited 56 times

Online Publication Date: 8 February 2008

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Large-scale arrays of highly oriented single-crystal ZnO nanotubes (ZNTs) are successfully fabricated on transparent conductive substrates by a simple method from an aqueous solution at a low temperature (typically 85 °C). The tubular morphology of the ZnO nanostructures is formed by a defect-selective chemical etching of the electrodeposited ZnO nanorods. The size of the ZNT arrays is determined by that of ZnO nanorod arrays which can be readily controlled by tuning several electrodeposition parameters. The present method can be employed to prepare ZNT arrays on flexible, conductive substrates, as well as on patterned conductive substrates.
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81.05.Dz II-VI semiconductors
81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
81.07.De Nanotubes
81.15.Pq Electrodeposition, electroplating
61.46.Fg Nanotubes
81.65.Cf Surface cleaning, etching, patterning

Effect of nanodot areal density and period on thermal conductivity in SiGe/Si nanodot superlattices

Minjoo Larry Lee and Rama Venkatasubramanian

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 053112 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2842388 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 8 February 2008

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We report on the effect of nanodot (ND) areal density and period on cross-plane thermal conductivity κ⊥ in SiGe/Si nanodot superlattices (NDSLs). For all ND areal densities considered, we found that κ⊥ in SiGe/Si NDSLs decreased monotonically with decreasing period and reached values lower than those in typical SiGe alloys ( ∼ 6.5 W m−1 K−1). At short periods, κ⊥ was as low as 2.0–2.7 W m−1 K−1 and at a fixed period, increasing the ND areal density led to lower κ⊥. This work indicates that low κ⊥ can be attained in SiGe/Si NDSLs either with a low SL period, a high ND areal density, or both.
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68.65.Cd Superlattices
66.70.-f Nonelectronic thermal conduction and heat-pulse propagation in solids; thermal waves
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-enhanced CVD, MOCVD, ALD, etc.)
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