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11 Feb 2008

Volume 92, Issue 6, Articles (06xxxx)

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 063101 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2839572 (3 pages)

M. N. Ou, T. J. Yang, S. R. Harutyunyan, Y. Y. Chen, C. D. Chen, and S. J. Lai
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Negative refraction with magnetic resonance in a metallic double-ring metamaterial

Zheng-Gao Dong, Ming-Xiang Xu, Shuang-Ying Lei, Hui Liu, Tao Li, Fu-Ming Wang, and Shi-Ning Zhu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 064101 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2837186 (3 pages) | Cited 19 times

Online Publication Date: 11 February 2008

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Metallic metamaterials, by periodically arranged double rings, without splits in both of them, are investigated to show their negative refraction at the magnetically resonant transmission band. It is verified that the negative refraction occurs in the transmission regime where the electric response is attributed to the plasma oscillation of electrons, in analogy to the metallic cut-wire metamaterials, and the magnetic response is originated from antiparallel currents induced resonantly in the neighboring edges of the concentric double rings.
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42.70.-a Optical materials
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)

Oxygen incorporation in Ti2AlC thin films

J. Rosen, P. O. Å. Persson, M. Ionescu, A. Kondyurin, D. R. McKenzie, and M. M. M. Bilek

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 064102 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2838456 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 11 February 2008

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Thin films of Ti2AlC MAX phase have been deposited using a multiple cathode pulsed cathodic arc. Evidence for substantial oxygen incorporation in the MAX phase is presented, likely originating from residual gas present in the vacuum chamber during deposition. The characteristic MAX phase crystal structure is maintained, in agreement with ab initio calculations, supporting substitutional O in C lattice positions. On the basis of these results, we propose the existence of a MAX phase-like material with material properties tuned by the incorporation of oxygen. Additionally, possible unintentional O incorporation in previously reported MAX phase materials is suggested.
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81.15.-z Methods of deposition of films and coatings; film growth and epitaxy
68.55.aj Insulators
68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology

Impact of lattice strain on the phase formation, polarization, and dielectric constant of PbZr1−xTixO3 films

W. S. Yan, R. Zhang, X. Q. Xiu, Z. L. Xie, P. Han, R. L. Jiang, S. L. Gu, Y. Shi, and Y. D. Zheng

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 064103 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2841668 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 11 February 2008

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A phenomenological thermodynamic theory of ferroelectric thin films on noncubic substrates is developed using a nontraditional form of the thermodynamic potential. For single-domain PbZr1−xTixO3 50/50 film, the “lattice strain-temperature” phase diagram is constructed. It is found that the lattice strain induces a shift of the Curie temperature of the ferroelectric transition. The unusual r phase that is forbidden in single crystals and bulk ceramics appears in thin film. The “lattice strain-polarization” diagram and “lattice strain-dielectric constant” diagram at room temperature are also predicted. They all show discontinuous at the transition interface.
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77.55.-g Dielectric thin films
77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
65.40.G- Other thermodynamical quantities
77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization
77.22.Ch Permittivity (dielectric function)
77.80.B- Phase transitions and Curie point

Compact high-resolution differential interference contrast soft x-ray microscopy

Michael C. Bertilson, Olov von Hofsten, Magnus Lindblom, Thomas Wilhein, Hans M. Hertz, and Ulrich Vogt

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 064104 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2842422 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 13 February 2008

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We demonstrate high-resolution x-ray differential interference contrast (DIC) in a compact soft x-ray microscope. Phase contrast imaging is enabled by the use of a diffractive optical element objective which is matched to the coherence conditions in the microscope setup. The performance of the diffractive optical element objective is evaluated in comparison with a normal zone plate by imaging of a nickel siemens star pattern and linear grating test objects. Images obtained with the DIC optic exhibit typical DIC enhancement in addition to the normal absorption contrast. Contrast transfer functions based on modulation measurements in the obtained images show that the DIC optic gives a significant increase in contrast without reducing the spatial resolution. The phase contrast operation mode now available for our compact soft x-ray microscope will be a useful tool for future studies of samples with low absorption contrast.
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07.85.Tt X-ray microscopes
42.79.Ci Filters, zone plates, and polarizers
42.30.Lr Modulation and optical transfer functions

Terahertz air-core microstructure fiber

Ja-Yu Lu, Chin-Ping Yu, Hung-Chung Chang, Hung-Wen Chen, Yu-Tai Li, Ci-Ling Pan, and Chi-Kuang Sun

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 064105 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2839576 (3 pages) | Cited 32 times

Online Publication Date: 14 February 2008

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A low-loss terahertz air-core microstructure fiber is demonstrated for terahertz waveguiding. Substantially low attenuation constant less than 0.01 cm−1 has been achieved and the guiding wavelength is found to be tunable by linear scaling the fiber size. The experimental results well agree with the simulation based on the finite-difference frequency-domain method, which interprets the guiding mechanism as the antiresonant reflecting waveguiding. The simulated modal pattern shows that most terahertz field is concentrated inside the central hollow air core and is guided without outside interference, which has high potential for guiding intense terahertz waves with minimized loss.
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42.81.Dp Propagation, scattering, and losses; solitons
02.70.Bf Finite-difference methods
84.40.-x Radiowave and microwave (including millimeter wave) technology

Lateral length scales of latent image roughness as determined by off-specular neutron reflectivity

Kristopher A. Lavery, Vivek M. Prabhu, Eric K. Lin, Wen-li Wu, Sushil K. Satija, Kwang-Woo Choi, and Matthew Wormington

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 064106 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2841663 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 14 February 2008

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A combination of specular and off-specular neutron reflectometries was used to measure the buried lateral roughness of the reaction-diffusion front in a model extreme ultraviolet lithography photoresist. Compositional heterogeneities at the latent reaction-diffusion front has been proposed as a major cause of line edge roughness in photolithographic features. This work describes the experimental observation of the longitudinal and lateral compositional heterogeneities of a latent image, revealing the buried lateral length scale as well as the amplitude of inhomogeneity at the reaction-diffusion front. These measurements aid in determining the origins of line edge roughness formation, while exploring the material limits of the current chemically amplified photoresists.
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81.05.Lg Polymers and plastics; rubber; synthetic and natural fibers; organometallic and organic materials
85.40.Hp Lithography, masks and pattern transfer

Analytical-statistical model to accurately estimate diffusional nanoparticle deposition on inverted surfaces at low pressure

Christof Asbach, Burkhard Stahlmecke, Heinz Fissan, Thomas A. J. Kuhlbusch, Jing Wang, and David Y. H. Pui

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 064107 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2840723 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 15 February 2008

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Particle contamination is a major concern in clean manufacturing. We present a model that predicts the diffusional particle contamination probability on inverted surfaces under the influence of gravity and thermophoresis at low pressure level. The model follows an analytical-statistical approach that can be solved using common spreadsheet software; therefore, not requiring major computational resources. The model revealed that thermophoresis can effectively eliminate diffusional deposition. Assuming that a contamination probability of 0.1% is acceptable, a thermal gradient of 10 K/cm protects against the deposition of all particles ≥ 30 nm with an initial distance of 1 mm or more.
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66.30.Pa Diffusion in nanoscale solids
02.50.Cw Probability theory
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