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11 Feb 2008

Volume 92, Issue 6, Articles (06xxxx)

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 063101 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2839572 (3 pages)

M. N. Ou, T. J. Yang, S. R. Harutyunyan, Y. Y. Chen, C. D. Chen, and S. J. Lai
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Electrical and thermal transport in single nickel nanowire

M. N. Ou, T. J. Yang, S. R. Harutyunyan, Y. Y. Chen, C. D. Chen, and S. J. Lai

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 063101 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2839572 (3 pages) | Cited 26 times

Online Publication Date: 11 February 2008

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The thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity of a suspended nickel nanowire have been measured for T = 15–300 K. The temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity and the Lorenz number strongly differ from the bulk. The comparison of the transports in the Ni nanowire shows, that at temperatures 75<T<300 K Wiedemann–Franz (WF) law holds, whereas at temperatures T<75 K the WF law is violated, indicating that thermal current in this material is suppressed more than electrical current. The results are explained by combined effect of confined dimension, enhanced disorder, and grown contribution of N-processes.
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65.80.-g Thermal properties of small particles, nanocrystals, nanotubes, and other related systems
72.15.Eb Electrical and thermal conduction in crystalline metals and alloys
73.63.Bd Nanocrystalline materials

Ripple rotation, pattern transitions, and long range ordered dots on silicon by ion beam erosion

B. Ziberi, F. Frost, M. Tartz, H. Neumann, and B. Rauschenbach

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 063102 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2841641 (3 pages) | Cited 30 times

Online Publication Date: 11 February 2008

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The importance of the ion incidence angle in self-organized pattern formation during low energy Xe+ ion beam erosion of silicon is elaborated. By a small step variation of the ion incidence angle, a variety of nanostructured patterns can develop. In this context, the angular distribution of ions within the ion beam is explored as an additional parameter controlling the evolution of the surface topography. Due to a controlled variation of these two parameters, hitherto unknown phenomena are found: (i) formation of rotated ripples, (ii) continuous transitions between patterns, and (iii) long range square ordered dot pattern.
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81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
81.05.Cy Elemental semiconductors
81.16.Dn Self-assembly
81.16.Rf Micro- and nanoscale pattern formation
61.82.Fk Semiconductors
61.80.Jh Ion radiation effects

Short exciton radiative lifetime in submonolayer InGaAs/GaAs quantum dots

Zhangcheng Xu, Yating Zhang, Atsushi Tackeuchi, Yoshiji Horikoshi, and Jørn M. Hvam

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 063103 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2839312 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 12 February 2008

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The exciton radiative lifetime in submonolayer (SML) InGaAs/GaAs quantum dots (QDs) grown at 500 °C was measured by using time-resolved photoluminescence from 10 to 260 K. The radiative lifetime is around 90 ps and is independent of temperature below 50 K. The observed short radiative lifetime is a key reason for the high performance of SML QD devices and can be explained by the theory of Andreani et al. [Phys. Rev. B 60, 13276 (1999)] calculating the radiative lifetime of QDs formed at the interface fluctuations of a quantum well, as the SML QDs are 20–30 nm in diameter and embedded within the lateral InGaAs QW.
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78.67.Hc Quantum dots
78.55.Cr III-V semiconductors
73.21.La Quantum dots
71.35.-y Excitons and related phenomena

A stable lotus-leaf-like water-repellent copper

Zhi-Guang Guo, Wei-Min Liu, and Bao-Lian Su

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 063104 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2841666 (3 pages) | Cited 20 times

Online Publication Date: 12 February 2008

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The stable lotus-leaf-like superhydrophobic copper was fabricated by means of a very simple and industrially up scalable method. Under both the growth of CuO microcrystals on the surface and the chemical modification, the wettability of the copper substrate changed from hydrophilic to water-repellent superhydrophobic, with surface hierarchical structures similar to that of lotus leaf.
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68.08.Bc Wetting
68.35.bd Metals and alloys
68.03.Cd Surface tension and related phenomena
81.65.Mq Oxidation

An anticorrosive magnesium/carbon nanotube composite

M. Endo, T. Hayashi, I. Itoh, Y. A. Kim, D. Shimamoto, H. Muramatsu, Y. Shimizu, S. Morimoto, M. Terrones, S. Iinou, and S. Koide

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 063105 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2842411 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 13 February 2008

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Here, we report a drastically improved anticorrosive characteristic of magnesium alloy composites with the introduction of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Highly depressed corrosion of nanotube-filled magnesium composite in salt water is due to the formation of stable oxide films along the grain boundaries of magnesium. Our results indicate that carbon nanotube acted as effective multifunctional filler to improve both mechanical and anticorrosive performances of magnesium alloy.
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81.65.Kn Corrosion protection

Gas field ion source from an Ir/W〈111〉 single-atom tip

Hong-Shi Kuo, Ing-Shouh Hwang, Tsu-Yi Fu, Yi-Hsien Lu, Chun-Yueh Lin, and Tien T. Tsong

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 063106 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2844851 (3 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 13 February 2008

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We show that a thermally stable Ir/W〈111〉 single-atom tip is a very good point ion source for rare gases (He, Ar) and reactive gases (H2, O2). The ion beams are emitted from the topmost atom with a very small opening angle (<1°) and, most importantly, they exhibit high brightness. In addition, the ion currents are very stable. These good properties together with the long lifetime of the tip and the reliable tip preparation method make this tip especially suitable for applications in gas field ion source focused ion beam systems.
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79.70.+q Field emission, ionization, evaporation, and desorption
29.25.Ni Ion sources: positive and negative

The effect of Ti doping on the growth of Mg nanostructures by oblique angle codeposition

Yuping He, Yiping Zhao, and Jinsong Wu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 063107 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2844852 (3 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 13 February 2008

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Using an oblique angle codeposition technique, 0–8 at. % Ti has been doped into Mg and aligned nanostructure arrays, composed of hexagonal Mg single crystals with preferred orientations, are formed. Ti doping produces nanorod structures instead of the nanoblade structures that are formed from pure Mg deposition. This is due to the pinning effect of Ti for Mg adatom diffusion. There is a linear shift of the Mg diffraction peaks toward the higher 2θ angles with the Ti dopant concentration. This is possibly caused by the partial substitution of large Mg atoms by small Ti atoms.
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81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
61.46.Km Structure of nanowires and nanorods (long, free or loosely attached, quantum wires and quantum rods, but not gate-isolated embedded quantum wires)
61.72.up Other materials

Plasma/ion-controlled metal catalyst saturation: Enabling simultaneous growth of carbon nanotube/nanocone arrays

I. Levchenko and K. Ostrikov

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 063108 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2841845 (3 pages) | Cited 24 times

Online Publication Date: 13 February 2008

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It is shown that the simultaneous saturation of Ni nanoparticles used as catalyst for vertically aligned carbon nanotube and nanocone arrays can be improved in low-temperature plasma- or ion-assisted processes compared with neutral gas-based routes. The results of hybrid multiscale numerical simulations of the catalyst nanoarrays (particle sizes of 2 and 10 nm) saturation with carbon show the possibility of reducing the difference in catalyst incubation times for smallest and largest catalyst particles by up to a factor of 2. This approach is generic and provides process conditions for simultaneous nucleation and growth of uniform arrays of vertically aligned nanostructures.
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68.65.-k Low-dimensional, mesoscopic, nanoscale and other related systems: structure and nonelectronic properties
81.15.Jj Ion and electron beam-assisted deposition; ion plating
81.16.Hc Catalytic methods
82.65.+r Surface and interface chemistry; heterogeneous catalysis at surfaces
52.77.Dq Plasma-based ion implantation and deposition

Conversion of mechanical work to interfacial tension in a nanoporous silica gel

Yu Qiao, Venkata K. Punyamurtula, Guijun Xian, Vistasp M. Karbhari, and Aijie Han

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 063109 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2844884 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 13 February 2008

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A calometric measurement is performed to analyze energy exchange in a nanoporous material functionalized (NMF) liquid. As an external pressure is applied, the hydrophobic nanopore surfaces can be exposed to the liquid phase. When the pressure is removed, the system does not return to its initial configuration. Unlike ordinary energy absorption systems, no significant temperature variation can be detected during the infiltration of pressurized liquid water, indicating that the sorption process is nonexothermic. This is attributed to the conversion of mechanical work to excess solid-liquid interfacial tension.
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61.43.Gt Powders, porous materials
82.70.Gg Gels and sols
68.43.-h Chemisorption/physisorption: adsorbates on surfaces

Electroviscous effects in capillary filling of nanochannels

Niels Asger Mortensen and Anders Kristensen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 063110 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2857470 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 13 February 2008

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We theoretically examine the widespread hypothesis of an electroviscous origin of the increase in apparent viscosity observed in recent experiments on capillary filling of nanochannels. Including Debye-layer corrections to the hydraulic resistance, we find that the apparent viscosity reaches a maximum in the mesoscopic regime where the channel height (or more generally the hydraulic radius) is comparable to the screening length. However, for realistic estimates of central parameters, we find that the electroviscous contribution to the apparent viscosity is at most a 1% effect.
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47.60.Dx Flows in ducts and channels
66.20.-d Viscosity of liquids; diffusive momentum transport
47.85.Np Fluidics

Nanomechanical properties of few-layer graphene membranes

M. Poot and H. S. J. van der Zant

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 063111 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2857472 (3 pages) | Cited 49 times

Online Publication Date: 13 February 2008

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We have measured the mechanical properties of few-layer graphene and graphite flakes that are suspended over circular holes. The spatial profile of the flake’s spring constant is measured with an atomic force microscope. The bending rigidity of and the tension in the membranes are extracted by fitting a continuum model to the data. For flakes down to eight graphene layers, both parameters show a strong thickness dependence. We predict fundamental resonance frequencies of these nanodrums in the gigahertz range based on the measured bending rigidity and tension.
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62.20.F- Deformation and plasticity
81.40.Lm Deformation, plasticity, and creep
62.20.de Elastic moduli
81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity, stress-strain relations
68.65.Ac Multilayers

Nucleation mechanism of gallium-assisted molecular beam epitaxy growth of gallium arsenide nanowires

A. Fontcuberta i Morral, C. Colombo, G. Abstreiter, J. Arbiol, and J. R. Morante

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 063112 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2837191 (3 pages) | Cited 53 times

Online Publication Date: 13 February 2008

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Molecular beam epitaxy Ga-assisted synthesis of GaAs nanowires is demonstrated. The nucleation and growth are seen to be related to the presence of a SiO2 layer previously deposited on the GaAs wafer. The interaction of the reactive gallium with the SiO2 pinholes induces the formation of nanocraters, found to be the key for the nucleation of the nanowires. With SiO2 thicknesses up to 30 nm, nanocraters reach the underlying substrate, resulting into a preferential growth orientation of the nanowires. Possibly related to the formation of nanocraters, we observe an incubation period of 258 s before the nanowires growth is initiated.
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68.65.-k Low-dimensional, mesoscopic, nanoscale and other related systems: structure and nonelectronic properties
81.07.Vb Quantum wires
81.15.Hi Molecular, atomic, ion, and chemical beam epitaxy

Two-dimensional electrostatic force field measurements with simultaneous topography measurement on embedded interdigitated nanoelectrodes using a force distance curve based method

Martin Günter Jenke, Christian Santschi, and Patrik Hoffmann

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 063113 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2844882 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 13 February 2008

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Accurate simultaneous measurements on the topography and electrostatic force field of 500 nm pitch interdigitated electrodes embedded in a thin SiO2 layer in a plane perpendicular to the orientation of the electrodes are shown for the first time. A static force distance curve (FDC) based method has been developed, which allows a lateral and vertical resolution of 25 and 2 nm, respectively. The measured force field distribution remains stable as result of the well controlled fabrication procedure of Pt cantilever tips that allows thousands of FDC measurements. A numerical model is established as well which demonstrates good agreement with the experimental results.
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07.68.+m Photography, photographic instruments; xerography
06.30.Ka Basic electromagnetic quantities

Positronium reemission yield from mesostructured silica films

L. Liszkay, C. Corbel, P. Perez, P. Desgardin, M.-F. Barthe, T. Ohdaira, R. Suzuki, P. Crivelli, U. Gendotti, A. Rubbia, M. Etienne, and A. Walcarius

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 063114 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2844888 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 13 February 2008

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The reemission yield of ortho-positronium (o-Ps) into vacuum outside mesoporous silica films on glass is measured in reflection mode with a specially designed lifetime (LT) spectrometer. Values as high as 40% are found. The intensity of the 142 ns vacuum LT is recorded as a function of reemission depth. The LT depth profiling is correlated to the 2γ and 3γ energy ones to determine the annihilation characteristics inside the films. Positron lifetime in capped films is used to determine the pore size. For the first time, a set of consistent fingerprints for positronium annihilation, o-Ps reemission into vacuum, and pore size, is directly determined in surfactant-templated mesoporous silica films.
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61.43.Gt Powders, porous materials
78.70.Bj Positron annihilation
68.55.J- Morphology of films

Field emission properties of electrochemically deposited gold nanowires

A. Dangwal, C. S. Pandey, G. Müller, S. Karim, T. W. Cornelius, and C. Trautmann

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 063115 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2844853 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 14 February 2008

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Field emission properties of vertically aligned gold nanowires of different aspect ratios and spatial distribution are presented. The nanowires were electrochemically deposited into the pores of etched ion-track polymer membranes. High emission site densities up to 5.7×105 cm−2 based on a controlled field enhancement β of individual emitting sites were observed by means of field emission scanning microscopy. Local measurements reveal stable Fowler–Nordheim behavior of the emitters up to currents of 100 μA. The integral emission of Au nanowires cathodes for device application is also discussed.
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79.70.+q Field emission, ionization, evaporation, and desorption

Decay dynamics of neutral and charged excitonic complexes in single InAs/GaAs quantum dots

M. Feucker, R. Seguin, S. Rodt, A. Hoffmann, and D. Bimberg

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 063116 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2844886 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 14 February 2008

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Systematic time-resolved measurements on neutral and charged excitonic complexes (X, XX, X+, and XX+) of 26 different single InAs/GaAs quantum dots are reported. The ratios of the decay times are discussed in terms of the number of transition channels determined by the excitonic fine structure and a specific transition time for each channel. The measured ratio for the neutral complexes is 1.7 deviating from the theoretically predicted value of 2. A ratio of 1.5 for the positively charged exciton and biexciton decay time is predicted and exactly matched by the measured ratio indicating identical specific transition times for the transition channels involved.
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71.35.-y Excitons and related phenomena
68.65.Hb Quantum dots (patterned in quantum wells)
73.21.La Quantum dots
78.66.Fd III-V semiconductors

Piezoresistive properties of carbon nanotubes under radial force investigated by atomic force microscopy

Taichi Nishio, Yuji Miyato, Kei Kobayashi, Kazumi Matsushige, and Hirofumi Yamada

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 063117 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2857480 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 14 February 2008

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We investigated the piezoresistive properties of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) under the tip-induced force in the radial direction using atomic force microscopy. We found that the conductance of the bundled SWCNTs was modulated by the applied radial force. The polarity and amount of the conductance change were different on every bundle and even dependent on the location where the force was applied. These phenomena were explained by the modulation of the band structures of the SWCNTs, which was caused by the deformation at the critical pressure.
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61.46.Fg Nanotubes
73.22.-f Electronic structure of nanoscale materials and related systems
81.40.Lm Deformation, plasticity, and creep
62.20.F- Deformation and plasticity
62.25.-g Mechanical properties of nanoscale systems
73.63.Fg Nanotubes
72.20.Fr Low-field transport and mobility; piezoresistance

High quality nanoelectromechanical microwave resonator based on a carbon nanotube array

M. Dragoman, D. Neculoiu, A. Cismaru, D. Dragoman, K. Grenier, S. Pacchini, L. Mazenq, and R. Plana

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 063118 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2857541 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 14 February 2008

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A brushlike array of metallic carbon nanotubes is integrated in a trench etched in a silicon substrate and terminated with two coplanar lines. When the incoming microwave signal frequency is equal to the mechanical resonance frequency of the nanotubes forming the array, a deep and narrow notch is formed in the microwave frequency response of the array, indicating that the array is acting like a resonator. The quality factor of the array at the fundamental resonance frequency of 1.4 GHz is around 800 at room temperature.
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85.85.+j Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and devices

Optical measurement of thermal transport in suspended carbon nanotubes

I-Kai Hsu, Rajay Kumar, Adam Bushmaker, Stephen B. Cronin, Michael T. Pettes, Li Shi, Todd Brintlinger, Michael S. Fuhrer, and John Cumings

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 063119 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2829864 (3 pages) | Cited 26 times

Online Publication Date: 15 February 2008

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Thermal transport in carbon nanotubes is explored using different laser powers to heat suspended single-walled carbon nanotubes ∼ 5 μm in length. The temperature change along the length of a nanotube is determined from the temperature-induced shifts in the G band Raman frequency. The spatial temperature profile reveals the ratio of the contact thermal resistance to the intrinsic thermal resistance of the nanotube. Moreover, the obtained temperature profiles allow differentiation between diffusive and ballistic phonon transport. Diffusive transport is observed in all nanotubes measured and the ratio of thermal contact resistance to intrinsic nanotube thermal resistance is found to range from 0.02 to 17.
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73.63.Fg Nanotubes
78.30.Hv Other nonmetallic inorganics
63.22.Gh Nanotubes and nanowires

Analysis of ballistic monolayer and bilayer graphene field-effect transistors

Yijian Ouyang, Paul Campbell, and Jing Guo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 063120 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2841664 (3 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 15 February 2008

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We examine and compare ballistic performance limits of metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors with monolayer and bilayer graphene channels. Under low source-drain biases and cryogenic temperatures, the leakage current of the bilayer device is orders of magnitude smaller than that of the monolayer device. The advantage lowers at raised temperatures and source-drain biases. The bilayer device, however, still has qualitatively different and more favorable I-V characteristics. We find the ballistic on-state channel conductance and the minimum channel conductance have distinctly different dependences on the channel length.
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85.30.Tv Field effect devices

Hexahedral nanocementites catalyzing the growth of carbon nanohelices

J. H. Xia, X. Jiang, C. L. Jia, and C. Dong

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 063121 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2842410 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 15 February 2008

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The formation mechanism of carbon nanohelices grown on iron needles by microwave plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition is studied by means of transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The catalyst assisting the helix formation is identified to be the single crystalline cementite (Fe3C) particle at the tip of each carbon nanohelix. The Fe3C particles show the general morphology of a hexahedron with six (different) crystallographic planes as the surface planes. The different catalytic effect of different crystallographic surface planes produces an anisotropic growth on the front surface of the carbon nanostructure, which results in a rotation of the cementite particles. The rotating particles catalyze the growth of the carbon nanostructure in a helical way.
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81.16.Hc Catalytic methods
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-enhanced CVD, MOCVD, ALD, etc.)
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
52.77.-j Plasma applications
82.65.+r Surface and interface chemistry; heterogeneous catalysis at surfaces

Study of the wetting layer of InAs/GaAs nanorings grown by droplet epitaxy

C. Zhao, Y. H. Chen, B. Xu, C. G. Tang, Z. G. Wang, and F. Ding

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 063122 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2883931 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 15 February 2008

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The properties of the wetting layer (WL) of InAs nanorings grown by droplet epitaxy have been studied. The heavy-hole (HH) and light-hole (LH) related transitions of the In(Ga)As WL were observed by reflectance difference spectroscopy. From the temperature dependent photoluminescence behavior of InAs rings, the channel for carriers to redistribute was found to be the compressed GaAs instead of the In(Ga)As layer, which strongly indicated that the wetting layer was depleted around the rings. Futhermore, a complex evolution of the WL with In deposition amount has been observed.
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68.08.Bc Wetting
73.21.-b Electron states and collective excitations in multilayers, quantum wells, mesoscopic, and nanoscale systems
78.55.Cr III-V semiconductors
78.67.-n Optical properties of low-dimensional, mesoscopic, and nanoscale materials and structures

Aligned three-dimensional prismlike magnesium nanostructures realized onto silicon substrate

Kaili Zhang, Carole Rossi, Christophe Tenailleau, and Pierre Alphonse

Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 063123 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2883934 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 15 February 2008

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A simple approach is proposed to realize three-dimensional (3D) prismlike Mg nanostructures, which has several advantages over previous investigations such as suitable for mass production, reduced impurities, tailored dimensions, and easier integration into microsystem. 3D Mg nanostructures are realized onto silicon substrate using a conventional thermal evaporator, where the incident angle of Mg vapor flux with respect to the substrate surface normal is fixed at 88°. The as-prepared 3D Mg nanostructures are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, energy dispersive x-ray analysis, transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and surface area measurement.
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81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
61.46.Hk Nanocrystals
82.80.Ej X-ray, Mössbauer, and other γ-ray spectroscopic analysis methods
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