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29 Sep 2008

Volume 93, Issue 13, Articles (13xxxx)

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 132101 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2988720 (3 pages)

Yueh-Nan Chen and Lukas Gilz
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PtIr/ZnO nanowire/pentacene hybrid back-to-back double diodes

Ya Yang, Qingliang Liao, Junjie Qi, Yue Zhang, Lidan Tang, and Ning Ye

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 133101 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2981519 (3 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 29 September 2008

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We report the PtIr/ZnO nanowire/pentacene hybrid double diodes which are composed of the back-to-back Schottky and p-n junction diodes. The electric transport is dominated by both the Schottky barrier and the hybrid p-n junction. The diodes exhibit a low OFF current of 2×10−3 nA between ±1.1 V. The negative differential resistance (NDR) is observed when the applied voltage is sweeping from negative to positive or from positive to negative values at room temperature. The origin of the NDR is suggested to be attributed to the presence of the air-gap dielectric between the ZnO nanowire and the pentacene film.
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85.30.Kk Junction diodes
73.21.Hb Quantum wires
73.30.+y Surface double layers, Schottky barriers, and work functions
73.40.Lq Other semiconductor-to-semiconductor contacts, p-n junctions, and heterojunctions

Phonon control in metallic carbon nanotubes due to laser-induced defects

D. Kang, K. Kato, K. Kojima, T. Uchida, and M. Tachibana

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 133102 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2990659 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 29 September 2008

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Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) irradiated with laser were investigated by Raman spectroscopy. The intensity of D band related to defects increased with the laser irradiation. It should be noticed that the corresponding change was observed for G− peak associated with metallic SWNTs that is related to the electron-phonon coupling with Kohn anomaly. The upshift and narrowing of the G− peak occur due to the laser irradiation. The G− peak can recover the original one due to the thermal annealing. On the other hand, G band associated with semiconducting SWNTs remained unchanged even after the laser irradiation. This means that the laser-induced defects significantly affect phonons in metallic SWNTs, compared with semiconducting ones, and can control the electron-phonon coupling.
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73.22.-f Electronic structure of nanoscale materials and related systems
71.38.-k Polarons and electron-phonon interactions
61.46.Fg Nanotubes
52.38.-r Laser-plasma interactions
61.80.Ba Ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation effects (including laser radiation)
78.30.Hv Other nonmetallic inorganics
78.67.Ch Nanotubes
61.72.Cc Kinetics of defect formation and annealing

Broadband measurement of rate-dependent viscoelasticity at nanoscale using scanning probe microscope: Poly(dimethylsiloxane) example

Zhonghua Xu, Kyongsoo Kim, Qingze Zou, and Pranav Shrotriya

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 133103 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2990759 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 29 September 2008

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A control approach to achieve nanoscale broadband viscoelastic measurement using scanning probe microscope (SPM) is reported. Current SPM-based force measurement is too slow to measure rate-dependent phenomena, and large (temporal) measurement errors can be generated when the sample itself changes rapidly. The recently developed model-less inversion-based iterative control technique is used to eliminate the dynamics and hysteresis effects of the SPM hardware on the measurements, enabling rapid excitation and measurement of rate-dependent material properties. The approach is illustrated by the mechanical characterization of poly(dimethylsiloxane) over a broad frequency range of three orders of magnitude ( ∼ 1 Hz to 4.5 KHz).
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81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity, stress-strain relations
62.40.+i Anelasticity, internal friction, stress relaxation, and mechanical resonances
07.10.-h Mechanical instruments and equipment
07.79.-v Scanning probe microscopes and components

Modified electron-beam-induced deposition of metal nanostructure arrays using a parallel electron beam

Joysurya Basu, C. Barry Carter, R. Divakar, Vijay B. Shenoy, and N. Ravishankar

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 133104 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2992193 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 29 September 2008

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A modified electron-beam-induced deposition method using a parallel beam of electrons is developed. The method relies on the buildup of surface potential on an insulating surface exposed to an electron beam. Presence of sharp edges on the insulating surface implies presence of large electric fields that lead to site-specific nucleation of metal vapor on those regions. Feature sizes as small as 20 nm can be deposited without the need to use fine probes, and thus the limitation of probe size imposed on the resolution is overcome. The use of pure metal vapor also renders the process inherently clean.
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81.07.Wx Nanopowders
81.15.-z Methods of deposition of films and coatings; film growth and epitaxy

Scaling exponent within the side-jump mechanism of Hall effect size-dependence in Ni nanocrystals

Dhananjay Kumar, Sang Ho Oh, Stephen J. Pennycook, and A. K. Majumdar

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 133105 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2987517 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 30 September 2008

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High-resolution Hall data in only 3.5 μg of Ni nanocrystals, grown in a planar array on TiN, are reported. We conclude from the exponent, n ∼ 1.06±0.01 in Rs ∼ ρn, where Rs is the extraordinary Hall constant and ρ is the Ohmic resistivity, that the side-jump mechanism could still be operative if the nanocrystals are below a certain critical size and the mean free path of the electrons is strongly temperature dependent only in the magnetic layer. Also, the 1000 times larger value of Rs than those in bulk Ni makes it an ideal candidate for magnetic sensors.
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72.15.Gd Galvanomagnetic and other magnetotransport effects
75.50.Cc Other ferromagnetic metals and alloys
75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects

Friedel-like oscillations in carbon nanotube quantum dots

A. Ayuela, W. Jaskólski, M. Pelc, H. Santos, and L. Chico

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 133106 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2988644 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 30 September 2008

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The interface states of all-metallic carbon nanotube quantum dots are studied based on a tight-binding approach and a Green’s function matching technique. We have found that depending on the type of metallic tube, the energy of interface states may show an oscillatory behavior. We identify these as steamming from Friedel oscillations. We comment on the possible implications of this finding on other physical properties, such as stability during the growth of nanotube junctions and magnetic interaction through carbon nanotubes.
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73.21.La Quantum dots
73.22.-f Electronic structure of nanoscale materials and related systems
73.20.At Surface states, band structure, electron density of states
71.15.Ap Basis sets (LCAO, plane-wave, APW, etc.) and related methodology (scattering methods, ASA, linearized methods, etc.)

Rough conical-shaped TiO2-nanotube arrays for flexible backilluminated dye-sensitized solar cells

Chin-Jung Lin, Wen-Yueh Yu, and Shu-Hua Chien

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 133107 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2992585 (3 pages) | Cited 22 times

Online Publication Date: 30 September 2008

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Conical-shaped anodic TiO2-nanotube (TiNT) arrays with length of a few tens of micrometer and rough tube walls were fabricated for use in flexible backilluminated dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) which exhibited conversion efficiency of 4.3% under AM1.5 back side illumination. As compared to TiO2 nanoparticles/Ti-based DSSC, TiNT/Ti-based DSSC showed enhanced light-harvesting efficiency, rapid electron-transport rate, prolonged electron lifetime, and reduced dark current, leading to an increase in efficiency by ∼ 30%.
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84.60.Jt Photoelectric conversion
81.07.De Nanotubes
72.20.Jv Charge carriers: generation, recombination, lifetime, and trapping

Tunable reflection minima of nanostructured antireflective surfaces

S. A. Boden and D. M. Bagnall

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 133108 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2993231 (3 pages) | Cited 75 times

Online Publication Date: 30 September 2008

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Broadband antireflection schemes for silicon surfaces based on the moth-eye principle and comprising arrays of subwavelength-scale pillars are applicable to solar cells, photodetectors, and stealth technologies and can exhibit very low reflectances. We show that rigorous coupled wave analysis can be used to accurately model the intricate reflectance behavior of these surfaces and so can be used to explore the effects of variations in pillar height, period, and shape. Low reflectance regions are identified, the extent of which are determined by the shape of the pillars. The wavelengths over which these low reflectance regions operate can be shifted by altering the period of the array. Thus the subtle features of the reflectance spectrum of a moth-eye array can be tailored for optimum performance for the input spectrum of a specific application.
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78.68.+m Optical properties of surfaces
78.67.Bf Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, and nanoclusters
42.79.Wc Optical coatings

Wafer-scale silicon nanopillars and nanocones by Langmuir–Blodgett assembly and etching

Ching-Mei Hsu, Stephen T. Connor, Mary X. Tang, and Yi Cui

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 133109 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2988893 (3 pages) | Cited 60 times

Online Publication Date: 1 October 2008

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We have developed a method combining Langmuir–Blodgett assembly and reactive ion etching to fabricate nanopillars with uniform coverage over an entire 4 inch wafer. We demonstrated precise control over the diameter and separation between the nanopillars ranging from 60 to 600 nm. We can also change the shape of the pillars from having vertical to tapered sidewalls with sharp tips exhibiting a radius of curvature of 5 nm. This method opens up many possible opportunities in nanoimprinting, solar cells, batteries, and scanning probes.
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81.16.Dn Self-assembly
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
81.65.Cf Surface cleaning, etching, patterning

Transport properties of three-terminal ballistic junctions realized by focused ion beam enhanced etching in InGaAs/InP

Martin Frimmer, Jie Sun, Ivan Maximov, and H. Q. Xu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 133110 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2993181 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 1 October 2008

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Three-terminal junction devices are realized in an InGaAs/InP quantum well by focused ion beam (FIB) implantation and selective wet etching. Room temperature electrical measurements show that the fabricated devices exhibit strong nonlinear electrical properties. The results are discussed in terms of ballistic electron transport. It is demonstrated that FIB-enhanced etching processing can be exploited as a maskless, resist-free technique for fabrication of high-quality and functional nanoelectronic devices.
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73.63.Hs Quantum wells
61.72.U- Doping and impurity implantation
81.65.Cf Surface cleaning, etching, patterning
72.20.Ht High-field and nonlinear effects
73.23.Ad Ballistic transport

Fabrication of nanoelectrodes and nanojunction hydrogen sensor

Syed Mubeen, Bongyoung Yoo, and Nosang V. Myung

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 133111 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2993337 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 1 October 2008

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A simple method to fabricate nanoelectrodes with controllable gap was demonstrated by local electrical melting of nickel nanowire. The width of nanogap was tuned by diameter of nanowire and the gap distance was controlled by voltage sweep rate. These nanoelectrodes were then electrochemically backfilled with palladium to fabricate hydrogen nanojunction sensor. Sensors showed excellent sensing performance (dynamic range from 0.1% to 4% H2 and <1 min response time for H2 concentration >2%) at room temperature. Our method of electrochemically backfilling a nanogap opens up a possibility to create various nanojunction devices in a cost-effective matter.
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82.80.Fk Electrochemical methods
82.47.Rs Electrochemical sensors
81.16.Be Chemical synthesis methods
82.45.Fk Electrodes

Spontaneous alignment of self-assembled ABC triblock terpolymers for large-area nanolithography

T. Kubo, R. F. Wang, D. A. Olson, M. Rodwogin, M. A. Hillmyer, and C. Leighton

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 133112 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2975370 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 2 October 2008

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A general method for preparation of large-area inorganic nanostructure arrays based on the use of core-shell cylinder forming ABC triblock terpolymers is presented. The essential perpendicular cylinder alignment is achieved by the use of a low surface energy B block (polyisoprene), which drives spontaneous perpendicular alignment of cylindrical C domains (polylactide) in a matrix of A (polystyrene), eliminating the lengthy anneal steps, external field alignment procedures, or specialized surface preparations that could severely restrict potential applications.
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81.16.Dn Self-assembly
81.16.Nd Micro- and nanolithography
81.16.Rf Micro- and nanoscale pattern formation
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments
68.55.am Polymers and organics

Elastic phase response of silica nanoparticles buried in soft matter

Laurene Tetard, Ali Passian, Rachel M. Lynch, Brynn H. Voy, Gajendra Shekhawat, Vinayak Dravid, and Thomas Thundat

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 133113 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2987460 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 2 October 2008

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Tracking the uptake of nanomaterials by living cells is an important component in assessing both potential toxicity and in designing future materials for use in vivo. We show that the difference in the local elasticity at the site of silica (SiO2) nanoparticles confined within a macrophage enables functional ultrasonic interactions. By elastically exciting the cell, a phase perturbation caused by the buried SiO2 nanoparticles was detected and used to map the subsurface populations of nanoparticles. Localization and mapping of stiff chemically synthesized silica nanoparticles within the cellular structures of a macrophage are important in basic as well as applied studies.
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81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
61.46.Df Structure of nanocrystals and nanoparticles ("colloidal" quantum dots but not gate-isolated embedded quantum dots)
87.18.-h Biological complexity
62.20.D- Elasticity
87.10.Pq Elasticity theory

Linear colloidal crystal arrays by electrohydrodynamic printing

H. F. Poon, D. A. Saville, and I. A. Aksay

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 133114 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2990680 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 2 October 2008

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We use electrohydrodynamic jets of colloidal suspensions to produce arrays of colloidal crystalline stripes on surfaces. A critical factor in maintaining a stable jet is the distance of separation between the nozzle and the surface. Colloidal crystalline stripes are produced as two wetting lines of the deployed suspension merge during drying. To ensure that the two wetting lines merge, the “deployed-line-width” to “particle size” ratio is kept below a critical value so that the capillary forces overcome the frictional forces between the particles and the substrate.
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47.65.-d Magnetohydrodynamics and electrohydrodynamics
47.57.E- Suspensions
47.85.-g Applied fluid mechanics
82.70.Dd Colloids
82.70.Kj Emulsions and suspensions

Fluorescence enhancement by a photonic crystal with a nanorod-structured high index layer

Wei Zhang and Brian T. Cunningham

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 133115 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2994696 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 2 October 2008

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We report the design and characterization of a one-dimensional photonic crystal slab incorporating a nanorod-structured TiO2 high index layer. The photonic crystal is designed to function as an optical resonator at the wavelength of a laser used to excite fluorescence emission and the highly porous TiO2 film, not only increases the surface area of the device but more importantly allows fluorophores to penetrate into the most intense region of the resonance-enhanced near electric fields. The design shows an enhancement of 193-fold in fluorescence intensity for the detection of cyanine 5-labeled streptavidin in comparison to an unpatterned glass slide.
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42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
78.55.Hx Other solid inorganic materials
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)
78.67.Bf Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, and nanoclusters

Photoelectrochemical cell using dye sensitized zinc oxide nanowires grown on carbon fibers

Husnu Emrah Unalan, Di Wei, Kenichi Suzuki, Sharvari Dalal, Pritesh Hiralal, Hidetoshi Matsumoto, Shinji Imaizumi, Mie Minagawa, Akihiko Tanioka, Andrew J. Flewitt, William I. Milne, and Gehan A. J. Amaratunga

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 133116 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2978957 (3 pages) | Cited 20 times

Online Publication Date: 3 October 2008

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Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires (NWs) grown on carbon fibers using a vapor transport and condensation approach are used as the cathode of a photoelectrochemical cell. The carbon fibers were obtained by electrospray deposition and take the form of a flexible carbon fabric. The ZnO NW on carbon fiber anode is combined with a “black dye” photoabsorber, an electrolyte, and a platinum (Pt) counterelectrode to complete the cell. The results show that ZnO NW and carbon fibers can be used for photoinduced charge separation/charge transport and current collection, respectively, in a photoelectrochemical cell.
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82.47.Jk Photoelectrochemical cells, photoelectrochromic and other hybrid electrochemical energy storage devices
72.40.+w Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects
73.40.Mr Semiconductor-electrolyte contacts
73.63.Nm Quantum wires

Local work function measurements of epitaxial graphene

T. Filleter, K. V. Emtsev, Th. Seyller, and R. Bennewitz

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 133117 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2993341 (3 pages) | Cited 44 times

Online Publication Date: 3 October 2008

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The work function difference between single layer and bilayer graphene grown epitaxially on 6H-SiC(0001) has been determined to be 135±9 meV by means of the Kelvin probe force microscopy. Bilayer films are found to increase the work function as compared to single layer films. This method allows an unambiguous distinction between interface layer, single layer, and bilayer graphene. In combination with high-resolution topographic imaging, the complex step structure of epitaxial graphene on SiC can be resolved with respect to substrate and graphene layer steps.
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68.35.Af Atomic scale friction
68.37.Ps Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
62.20.Qp Friction, tribology, and hardness

Zener tunneling in plasmonic metal gap waveguide superlattices

Weihua Lin, Yang Gu, and Guo Ping Wang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 133118 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2995865 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 3 October 2008

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We report the zener tunneling (ZT) in plasmonic metal gap waveguide superlattices. Two types of plasmonic cavities are introduced into the structures for producing two plasmonic minibands separated by a narrow minigap, and a geometric thickness gradient is employed for creating two plasmonic Wannier–Stark ladders. Theoretical calculation by the transfer matrix method reveals that at a certain gradient, the transmission spectrum of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) shows an enhanced transmission peak, indicating the occurrence of resonant ZT between the two minibands. Finite-difference time-domain simulation on the time evolution of SPP propagation in the superlattices demonstrates the analytical prediction.
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72.20.Ht High-field and nonlinear effects
73.40.Gk Tunneling
73.21.Cd Superlattices
73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)
84.40.Az Waveguides, transmission lines, striplines
71.36.+c Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions)
02.70.Bf Finite-difference methods
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