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1 Dec 2008

Volume 93, Issue 22, Articles (22xxxx)

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 221101 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3036234 (3 pages)

Soon Moon Jeong, Na Young Ha, Mu Guen Chee, Fumito Araoka, Ken Ishikawa, Hideo Takezoe, Suzushi Nishimura, and Goro Suzaki
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Ag nanoparticle dispersed PbTiO3 percolative composite thin film with high permittivity

Zongrong Wang, Tao Hu, Liwen Tang, Ning Ma, Chenlu Song, Gaorong Han, Wenjian Weng, and Piyi Du

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 222901 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3037207 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 1 December 2008

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Ag nanoparticle dispersed PbTiO3 percolative composite thin films were prepared in situ by sol-gel method using Pb(NO3)2, Ti(C4H9O)4, and AgNO3 as raw materials and lactic acid along with citric acid as complexing agent. The size of the Ag nanoparticles measured by ultraviolet-visible spectra is about 3 nm. The percolation effect occurs in composite thin films. The composite exhibits relatively high dielectric constant which is about five times higher than that of PbTiO3 thin film and comparatively low dielectric loss comparable to pure PbTiO3 system. It is highly attractive in application of high quality dielectric devices and miniaturization.
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81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
77.55.-g Dielectric thin films
77.22.Ch Permittivity (dielectric function)
78.66.Sq Composite materials
78.40.-q Absorption and reflection spectra: visible and ultraviolet
77.22.Gm Dielectric loss and relaxation

Refractive index modulation in periodically poled MgO-doped congruent LiNbO3 crystal

Yunlin Chen, He Zhan, and Bo Zhou

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 222902 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3042100 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 1 December 2008

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An optical diffraction method is exploited to characterize periodically poled MgO-doped congruent LiNbO3 crystal fabricated by electric induced technique. The optical diffraction patterns indicate that the refractive index changes occur in periodic domain structures. Light diffraction from this type of refractive index modulation is simulated, thus providing an effective and nondestructive technique to determine the refractive index changes and domain structures. From the normalized diffraction intensity, we estimate the refractive index change to be in the magnitude of 10−5.
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78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)

Pyroelectric potassium hydrogen malate with polarized hydrogen bond chains and aligned dipole moments

E. de Matos Gomes, M. S. Belsley, A. Criado, V. H. Rodrigues, and M. M. R. Costa

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 222903 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3036010 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 2 December 2008

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A spontaneous polarization of 16 μC/cm2 at room temperature has been found in the semiorganic crystal potassium hydrogen malate (KHC4H4O5⋅H2O). This high polarization results from a structural arrangement of oriented dipoles formed by the potassium cations and the COO− group from the malate anion, and long hydrogen bonded polarized chains created by the hydrogen L-malate anion via O–H⋯O interactions, directed along the polar sixfold axis. The material shows a second harmonic generation with a rotationally averaged effective second order susceptibility equal to 0.70 of potassium dihydrogen phosphate at an incident wavelength of 1064 nm.
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77.70.+a Pyroelectric and electrocaloric effects
77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization
61.50.Lt Crystal binding; cohesive energy
42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation
61.66.Hq Organic compounds

Nanocrystalline multiferroic BiFeO3 ultrafine fibers by sol-gel based electrospinning

S. H. Xie, J. Y. Li, Roger Proksch, Y. M. Liu, Y. C. Zhou, Y. Y. Liu, Y. Ou, L. N. Lan, and Y. Qiao

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 222904 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3040010 (3 pages) | Cited 24 times

Online Publication Date: 3 December 2008

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Novel nanocrystalline BiFeO3 ultrafine fibers have been synthesized by sol-gel based electrospinning, with fiber diameter in the range of 100–300 nm and grain size of around 20 nm. Phase pure perovskite BiFeO3 can be obtained if the fibers are fired in Ar atmosphere, eliminating impurity phases often observed when fired in air or N2 atmosphere. Excellent piezoelectricity and clear ferroelectric domain structure of the ultrafine fibers are characterized by high voltage piezoresponse force microscopy. Enhanced weak ferromagnetism arising from the nanocrystalline structure of ultrafine fibers is also observed.
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81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
75.80.+q Magnetomechanical effects, magnetostriction
75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems; nanocrystalline materials
75.50.Dd Nonmetallic ferromagnetic materials
77.65.-j Piezoelectricity and electromechanical effects
77.80.Dj Domain structure; hysteresis

Room temperature surface piezoelectricity in SrTiO3 ceramics via piezoresponse force microscopy

Andrei Kholkin, Igor Bdikin, Tetyana Ostapchuk, and Jan Petzelt

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 222905 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3037220 (3 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 4 December 2008

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SrTiO3 ceramics are investigated by piezoresponse force microscopy. Piezoelectric contrast is observed on polished surfaces in both vertical and lateral regimes and depends on the grain orientation varying in both sign (polarization direction) and amplitude. The observed contrast is attested to the surface piezoelectricity due to the flexoelectric effect (strain gradient-induced polarization) caused by the surface relaxation. The estimated flexoelectric coefficient is approximately one order of magnitude smaller as compared to that recently measured in SrTiO3 single crystals. The observed enhancement of piezoresponse signal at the grain boundaries is explained by the dipole moments associated with inhomogeneous distribution of oxygen vacancies.
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77.65.Ly Strain-induced piezoelectric fields
77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization
61.72.jd Vacancies
61.72.Mm Grain and twin boundaries
77.80.B- Phase transitions and Curie point
77.22.Ch Permittivity (dielectric function)

Effects of interfacial oxygen-deficient layer on resistance switching in Cr-doped SrTiO3 thin films

Bach Thang Phan and Jaichan Lee

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 222906 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3039072 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 4 December 2008

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We investigated resistance switching in Cr-doped SrTiO3 thin films with an oxygen-deficient layer at the interface. Impedance spectroscopy showed the Maxwell–Wagner relaxation due to the high-resistance oxygen-deficient layer in addition to a bulk layer of lower resistance. The high oxygen-deficient layer significantly limits the carrier injection, thus resulting in the disappearance of resistance switching. The resistance switching was recovered by reducing the oxygen vacancy concentration at the top interface by cooling or postannealing at high oxygen ambient pressures.
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72.60.+g Mixed conductivity and conductivity transitions
73.61.Ng Insulators
61.72.jd Vacancies

Interface properties of Ge3N4/Ge(111): Ab initio and x-ray photoemission spectroscopy study

M. Yang, G. W. Peng, R. Q. Wu, W. S. Deng, L. Shen, Q. Chen, Y. P. Feng, J. W. Chai, J. S. Pan, and S. J. Wang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 222907 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3040324 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 4 December 2008

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We propose an interface model for Ge and its surface passivating nitride. The β-Ge3N4(0001)/Ge(111) interface structure does not have dangling bonds and is predicted to be exceptionally stable compared with other possible structures. Band offsets determined using x-ray photoemission spectroscopy study are in agreement with the prediction by first-principles calculations. The band offsets are large enough to minimize possible carrier tunneling.
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71.22.+i Electronic structure of liquid metals and semiconductors and their alloys
77.55.-g Dielectric thin films

Charging dynamics of discrete gold nanoparticle arrays self-assembled within a poly(styrene-b-4-vinylpyridine) diblock copolymer template

W. L. Leong, N. Mathews, S. G. Mhaisalkar, T. P. Chen, and P. S. Lee

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 222908 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3043436 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 5 December 2008

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The kinetics of charging and discharging of charge carriers in a memory device based on gold nanoparticles in self-assembled block copolymer of poly(styrene-b-4-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P4VP) has been studied. Hole trapping is observed to be more efficient than electron trapping and is attributed to a lower electron injection current (due to presence of Schottky barrier between the gold electrode and P4VP layer). At higher electric fields (>0.4 MV/cm), quasi-two-dimensional charge transport through the arrays of gold nanoparticles in P4VP nanodomains is observed. The contribution of electrode work function was demonstrated with improved electron charging by the replacement of gold electrode with aluminum.
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73.30.+y Surface double layers, Schottky barriers, and work functions
72.20.Jv Charge carriers: generation, recombination, lifetime, and trapping
73.40.Ns Metal-nonmetal contacts
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