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21 Jul 2008

Volume 93, Issue 3, Articles (03xxxx)

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 031101 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2959092 (3 pages)

Di Xu, Kevin P. Chen, Kris Ohlinger, and Yuankun Lin
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Reduced heat flow in light water (H2O) due to heavy water (D2O)

William R. Gorman and James D. Brownridge

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 034101 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2958917 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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The flow of heat, from top to bottom, in a column of light water can be decreased by over 1000% with the addition of heavy water. A column of light water cools from 25 to 0 °C in 11 h, however, with the addition of heavy water it takes more than 100 h. There is a concentration dependence where the cooling time increases as the concentration of added D2O increases, with a near maximum being reached with as little as 2% of D2O added. This phenomenon will not occur if the water is mixed after the heavy water is added.
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66.25.+g Thermal conduction in nonmetallic liquids

Modeling and simulation of microstructures using power diagrams: Proof of the concept

Martin Kühn and Martin O. Steinhauser

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 034102 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2959733 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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Power diagrams are a generalization of Voronoi diagrams for arbitrary dimensions. We present a modeling and optimization scheme for power diagrams in three spacial dimensions based on the statistics of experimental data obtained from cross-sectional images of polycrystalline materials. Our optimization scheme based on the grains’ area and perimeter distributions can be used to obtain realistic three-dimensional polycrystalline structures which can subsequently be used for numerical simulations. As a proof of the concept we apply our scheme to high-performance ceramics and present the results of initial shock-impact simulations of the obtained polycrystalline structures.
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81.30.-t Phase diagrams and microstructures developed by solidification and solid-solid phase transformations
81.40.-z Treatment of materials and its effects on microstructure, nanostructure, and properties

Between microdroplets and microfluidics: Unbreakable liquid/liquid interfaces at a junction of hydrophilic microchannels

Kyosuke Shinohara, Yuto Yokoyama, Toru Torii, and Koji Okamoto

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 034103 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2959823 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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The intermediate state between microdroplets and microfluidics in two immiscible fluids is described. It was found that Y-shaped two-phase flow is formed with a stable liquid/liquid interface at a cross junction in a hydrophilic microchannel. A velocity vector map, obtained by microparticle image velocimetry, reveals the Y-shaped flow consists of aqueous phase flow along the edge of the channel and an acrylate monomer phase flow penetrating the center. The transition from the Y-shaped flow to other flow patterns can be characterized by a state diagram that depends on the capillary number and the Weber number of each injecting phase.
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47.61.Jd Multiphase flows
47.61.-k Micro- and nano- scale flow phenomena
47.55.D- Drops and bubbles

Subpicoliter droplet generation based on a nozzle-free acoustic transducer

Chuang-Yuan Lee, Wei Pang, Hongyu Yu, and Eun Sok Kim

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 034104 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2958342 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2008

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This letter reports picoliter liquid droplet generation using an orifice-free acoustic ejector operating at its harmonic frequencies. For an acoustic ejector working at the thickness-mode resonance, the droplet size is primarily determined by the acoustic wavelength, which is proportional to the piezoelectric substrate thickness. In our design, we do not need to lap the bulk piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) substrate or deposit high temperature processing PZT thin film, but we use harmonic frequencies of the bulk form to reduce the wavelength. The fabricated acoustic ejector with a size of 1200×1200 μm2 has been shown to be very effective up to the ninth harmonic (180 MHz), continuously ejecting ∼ 10 μm diameter droplets, corresponding to droplet volumes as small as 0.5 pl.
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87.85.Ox Biomedical instrumentation and transducers, including micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS)
87.80.Ek Mechanical and micromechanical techniques
43.38.-p Transduction; acoustical devices for the generation and reproduction of sound
47.85.Np Fluidics

Separation of electronic and ionic conductivity in mixed conductors from the ac response: Application to Pr0.56Bi0.04Li0.2TiO3

Mario-Fidel García-Sánchez, Nestor Fernández, María-Luisa Martínez-Sarrión, Lourdes Mestres, Floiran Fernández-Gutierrez, Guillermo Santana, and A. Rabdel Ruiz-Salvador

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 034105 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2959189 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 23 July 2008

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A method has been developed for separation of ionic and electronic conductivity in mixed conductors. The procedure is accomplished by using blocking electrodes and the Kramers–Kronig relations for separating the dc conductivity from total response. This method was applied to lithium inserted and deinserted sample of Pr0.56Bi0.04Li0.2TiO3. This material is an ionic conductor, and after insertion, electronic conduction appears in the sample. The deinserted sample has a similar electric behavior to the original material. This method does not need any previous model when processing the data. Hence, it avoids those modeling related mistakes and increases the possibilities of dielectric spectroscopy.
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72.60.+g Mixed conductivity and conductivity transitions
72.80.Sk Insulators
66.30.H- Self-diffusion and ionic conduction in nonmetals

Anelasticity of FexO at high pressure

A. Kantor, I. Kantor, A. Kurnosov, L. Dubrovinsky, M. Krisch, A. Bossak, and S. Jacobsen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 034106 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2952274 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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A combined single-crystal inelastic x-ray scattering (IXS) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) study of synthetic wüstite Fe0.95O at elevated pressure revealed an increasing difference in the bulk modulus determined from static XRD and dynamic IXS measurements upon compression. We explain this observation by anelastic relaxation in the studied material and propose a model for the quantitative description of such a physical phenomenon. The analysis of available data provides evidence for a reasonably good agreement for bulk moduli and a systematic difference for their pressure derivatives between static and dynamic measurements.
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81.05.-t Specific materials: fabrication, treatment, testing, and analysis
81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity, stress-strain relations
62.40.+i Anelasticity, internal friction, stress relaxation, and mechanical resonances
62.50.-p High-pressure effects in solids and liquids
78.70.Ck X-ray scattering
62.20.de Elastic moduli

Thermocapillary manipulation of droplets using holographic beam shaping: Microfluidic pin ball

Maria Luisa Cordero, Daniel R. Burnham, Charles N. Baroud, and David McGloin

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 034107 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2952374 (3 pages) | Cited 18 times

Online Publication Date: 24 July 2008

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We demonstrate that holographically generated optical patterns offer greater flexibility for the thermocapillary control of water droplets than Gaussian spots; droplets can be stopped in faster flows while using less optical intensity when the surface tension variations are created by line patterns instead of single spots. Further, experiments are performed making use of variable light patterns to achieve controlled droplet routing in a four-way cross microfluidic channel. Finally, multiple droplet storage is demonstrated as well as changing drop order.
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47.55.dm Thermocapillary effects
47.55.nb Capillary and thermocapillary flows
47.60.Dx Flows in ducts and channels
47.54.-r Pattern selection; pattern formation

Stressed triangular lattices on microsized spherical surfaces and their defect management

C. R. Li, W. J. Dong, L. Gao, and Z. X. Cao

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 034108 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2959822 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 25 July 2008

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Triangular lattices were assembled on spherical surfaces and caps via thermal stress engineering on core/shell microstructures. The lattices on a complete spherical surface, when the total number is small, contain uniquely fivefold disclinations, whereas scars consisting of pentamer-heptamer chains emerged when more vertices are available (>360). Disclination-free pattern were obtained on caps, revealing the defect management strategy in nature. All the experimental observations can be explained by numerical studies to Thomson’s problem [ J. J. Thomson, Philos. Mag. 7, 237 (1904) ]. These results can help understand the various patterns assembled on curved surfaces, and be of essential importance for the en masse fabrication of nanostructures on pliable substrates.
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81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments
61.72.Lk Linear defects: dislocations, disclinations
68.35.B- Structure of clean surfaces (and surface reconstruction)

Mechanically robust nanoparticle stabilized transparent liquid marbles

Prasad S. Bhosale, Mahesh V. Panchagnula, and Holly A. Stretz

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 034109 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2959853 (3 pages) | Cited 26 times

Online Publication Date: 25 July 2008

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Optically transparent liquid marbles were made from water and glycerol drops embedded in surface-treated fumed silica nanoparticles. The mechanical robustness of such liquid marbles is shown to be greater than similar marbles made from microparticulate poly(tetrafluoroethylene), both under compressive and tensile loading conditions. Using liquid evaporation data and environmental scanning electron microscope images, we demonstrate that their robustness may be attributed to a nanoparticulate elastic thin film that self-assembles on the liquid-vapor interface.
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62.10.+s Mechanical properties of liquids
81.16.Dn Self-assembly
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)

Experimental verification of standing-wave plasmonic resonances in split-ring resonators

Chia-Yun Chen, Shich-Chuan Wu, and Ta-Jen Yen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 034110 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2957978 (3 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 25 July 2008

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We experimentally demonstrate multiple resonances in split-ring resonators (SRRs) from direct electric excitations in midinfrared and near infrared regions. The ratio of the entire length of SRRs to the resonance modes and wavelengths presents a clear linear relationship. Such expression validates in both cases of electric and magnetic responses in SRRs excited by electric field and is further confirmed by examining the SRRs with different lengths. Therefore, our quantitative observations indicate that the multiple resonances can be interpreted by the standing-wave plasmonic resonances and further facilitate to design the desired operation frequencies and responses of SRRs for practical applications.
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84.40.Az Waveguides, transmission lines, striplines
84.40.-x Radiowave and microwave (including millimeter wave) technology
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