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11 Aug 2008

Volume 93, Issue 6, Articles (06xxxx)

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 062101 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2968206 (3 pages)

K. Shibata and K. Hirakawa
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Enhanced nonresonant optical pumping based on turnstile transport in a chaotic microcavity laser

Juhee Yang, Sang-Bum Lee, Jeong-Bo Shim, Songky Moon, Soo-Young Lee, Sang Wook Kim, Jai-Hyung Lee, and Kyungwon An

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 061101 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2968210 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 11 August 2008

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We report efficient nonresonant optical pumping based on turnstile transport in a chaotic microcavity laser. We observed more than tenfold enhancement in the pumping efficiency at a particular pumping angle and at a particular boundary position of the microcavity while these angle and position are consistent with the turnstile transport mechanism in chaotic ray dynamics. The pumping efficiency distribution resembles that of the output emission for the same cavity, supporting the concept of time-reversed ray transport.
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42.55.Sa Microcavity and microdisk lasers

Polarization-independent extraordinary optical transmission in one-dimensional metallic gratings with broad slits

Yuehui Lu, Min Hyung Cho, YoungPak Lee, and Joo Yull Rhee

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 061102 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2970959 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 12 August 2008

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Extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) is achievable for transverse-magnetic polarization in one-dimensional metallic gratings with very narrow slits due to the excitation of coupled surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). In contrast, SPP-produced EOT for transverse-electric (TE) polarized light is impossible because of the absence of SPPs for this polarization. However, TE-polarized EOT produced by trapped modes has been demonstrated. In this work, we reanalyze this phenomenon and apply it to gratings with broad slits (still in subwavelength) without the need for a specific dielectric filler in the grooves. The design proposed in this work simplifies and makes more practical the realization of gratings that possess polarization-independent EOT.
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42.79.Dj Gratings

Bulletlike light pulses in photonic crystals

Chuanhong Zhou, Qian Gong, Peijun Yao, Deyin Zhao, and Xunya Jiang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 061103 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2968938 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 12 August 2008

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We report the bulletlike propagation of light pulse in a particularly designed two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystal. Unlike traditional light bullet supported by nonlinear materials, this bulletlike propagation is achieved only by 2D photonic crystal, where the diffraction and the group velocity dispersion of a light pulse are eliminated naturally by combining two distinct properties of photonic crystal, i.e., self-collimation and zero group velocity dispersion. Moreover, we studied the influence of third order dispersion on the propagation of light bullet and found that it can be greatly suppressed by an improved structure of photonic crystal.
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42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials

Low threshold electrically pumped quantum dot-micropillar lasers

S. Reitzenstein, T. Heindel, C. Kistner, A. Rahimi-Iman, C. Schneider, S. Höfling, and A. Forchel

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 061104 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2969397 (3 pages) | Cited 29 times

Online Publication Date: 12 August 2008

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We report on low threshold lasing in electrically pumped quantum dot-micropillar cavities. Lasing action associated with threshold currents as low as 8 μA at 10 K is observed for micropillar cavities with quality factors exceeding 10.000. Due to an optimized contact scheme lasing is achieved for pillar structures with diameters as small as 1.5 μm, containing on average less than 100 quantum dots in the active layer. The transition from spontaneous to stimulated emission is confirmed by autocorrelation measurements which reveal pronounced photon bunching near threshold.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings

Local versus global absorption in thin-film solar cells with randomly textured surfaces

C. Rockstuhl, S. Fahr, F. Lederer, K. Bittkau, T. Beckers, and R. Carius

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 061105 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2965117 (3 pages) | Cited 30 times

Online Publication Date: 12 August 2008

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Enhanced light absorption in amorphous silicon thin films deposited on randomly textured zinc-oxide surfaces is investigated by means of a rigorous diffraction theory taking into account measured surface profiles and near-field optical data. Global absorption enhancement is obtained in the calculations for particular modifications of the random texture. We furthermore spatially resolve local domains of the surface texture, which show the strongest contribution to the absorption. Criteria on how random surfaces should look like to enhance absorption in thin-film solar cells are derived.
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84.60.Jt Photoelectric conversion
42.79.Wc Optical coatings

Fano filters based on transferred silicon nanomembranes on plastic substrates

Zexuan Qiang, Hongjun Yang, Li Chen, Huiqing Pang, Zhenqiang Ma, and Weidong Zhou

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 061106 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2971199 (3 pages) | Cited 21 times

Online Publication Date: 13 August 2008

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We report here the characteristics of surface-normal optical filters based on Fano resonances on patterned single crystalline silicon nanomembranes (SiNMs), which were fabricated and transferred onto transparent plastic substrates using a SiNM wet transfer process. Detailed experimental and theoretical analyses were carried out on the angular- and polarization-dependent transmission properties. The filter transmission is independent of the incident beam polarization under surface-normal conditions. Angle-independent transmission was observed for specific Fano resonances with certain polarizations. The measured angle-dependent transmission agrees well with the simulated transmission and dispersion properties based on the propagation wave-vector analysis.
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42.79.Ci Filters, zone plates, and polarizers
81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials

Ultralow-power all-optical wavelength conversion in a silicon-on-insulator waveguide based on a heterogeneously integrated III-V microdisk laser

Liu Liu, Joris Van Campenhout, Günther Roelkens, Dries Van Thourhout, Pedro Rojo-Romeo, Philippe Regreny, Christian Seassal, Jean-Marc Fédéli, and Roel Baets

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 061107 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2967338 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 13 August 2008

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Ultralow-power all-optical wavelength conversion is presented for a silicon-on-insulator wire waveguide with a heterogeneously integrated III-V microdisk laser. The principle relies on the suppression of natural lasing from the microdisk laser by an external injection. No probe beam is needed in this configuration. Static wavelength conversion with a control power of 6.4 μW or even lower is achieved. The resonance and gain provided by the microdisk cavity are at the origin of such low control power. Dynamically, wavelength conversion using a 5 Gbps non-return-to-zero bit sequence is demonstrated in the proposed device.
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42.82.Et Waveguides, couplers, and arrays
42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation

Near-field analysis of surface electromagnetic waves in the bandgap region of a polymeric grating written on a one-dimensional photonic crystal

Tristan Sfez, Emiliano Descrovi, Lorenzo Dominici, Wataru Nakagawa, Francesco Michelotti, Fabrizio Giorgis, and Hans-Peter Herzig

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 061108 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2970961 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 14 August 2008

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The spatial distribution of surface electromagnetic waves on a one-dimensional photonic crystal with a polymeric grating on top is mapped using a multiheterodyne scanning near-field optical microscope. The grating opens a bandgap. At the band edges, a stationary field formed by two surface waves with opposite propagation constants and almost identical amplitudes is produced. Field intensity maxima are localized to the grating peaks or grooves, depending on the wavelength. Far from the bandgap, we identify surface waves coupled via either the 0 or the −1 order of the grating. The corresponding phase profiles indicate that these waves propagate in opposite directions.
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73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)
71.20.Rv Polymers and organic compounds
42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials

Laser pulse induced gold nanoparticle gratings

Wen-Chi Hung, Wood-Hi Cheng, Ming-Shan Tsai, Wei-Chih Chung, I-Min Jiang, and Pochi Yeh

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 061109 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2970988 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 14 August 2008

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We report the results of our experimental investigation of laser induced gold nanoparticle gratings and their optical diffraction properties. A single shot of a pair Nd-YAG laser pulses with the same polarization is directed toward a 6 nm thick gold film on a substrate of polymethyl methacrylate. As a result of the laser illumination, the thin gold film is fragmented into an array of nanoparticles. Through the observation of scanning electron and dark-field optical microscopes, we discovered that the morphology of the gold nanoparticle grating is dependent on the fluence of laser pulse. The spectrum of first order diffraction shows the dependence on the absorbance property due to the presence of the nanoparticles. The ablation of nanothickness thin films via the use of laser pulses may provide a simple and efficient method for the fabrication of nanoscale structures, including two dimensional arrays of nanoparticles.
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42.79.Dj Gratings
52.38.Mf Laser ablation
42.86.+b Optical workshop techniques
42.70.-a Optical materials
42.62.-b Laser applications

Dynamics of ultraviolet emissions in Tm-doped AlN using above band gap excitation

N. Nepal, J. M. Zavada, D. S. Lee, and A. J. Steckl

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 061110 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2970993 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 14 August 2008

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We report on dynamics of ultraviolet (UV) emissions using above band gap excitation in Tm-doped AlN epilayers grown by solid-source molecular beam epitaxy. The UV and visible photoluminescence (PL) spectra were measured using the frequency quadrupled output from a Ti:sapphire laser. In the UV region, dominant emissions at 298 and 358 nm were observed under 197 nm excitation. Temperature dependence of the PL intensities of these emission lines reveals a binding energy of ∼ 150 meV. The quenching of the UV emissions in AlN:Tm appears related to the thermal activation of the excitons bound to the rare-earth structured isovalent charge trap at 1.50 eV below the conduction band.
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78.66.Fd III-V semiconductors
78.55.Cr III-V semiconductors
71.35.-y Excitons and related phenomena
71.15.Nc Total energy and cohesive energy calculations
71.20.Nr Semiconductor compounds

Electrically controlled silicon-based photonic crystal chromatic dispersion compensator with ultralow power consumption

Ching Eng Png, Gi Ho Park, Soon Thor Lim, Er Ping Li, Aaron J. Danner, Kensuke Ogawa, and Yong Tsong Tan

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 061111 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2971033 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 14 August 2008

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We show full three-dimensional electrical and optical simulation of a tunable silicon-based photonic crystal chromatic dispersion compensator with high power efficiency and ultralow power consumption (114 nW), operating at a speed of 40.5 MHz. The device exploits a structure where the optical field maximum is not in a photonic crystal waveguide, but rather in a hybrid Si3N4/Si/SiO2 structure that will allow greater ease of fiber coupling due to larger mode size and reduced loss. The chromatic dispersion compensation is broadband and produces constant second order chromatic dispersion over an optical communication band such as C-band.
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42.81.Qb Fiber waveguides, couplers, and arrays
42.82.Et Waveguides, couplers, and arrays
42.81.Dp Propagation, scattering, and losses; solitons
42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
42.79.Sz Optical communication systems, multiplexers, and demultiplexers

Fabrication of periodic complex photonic crystals constructed with a portion of photonic quasicrystals by interference lithography

Yi Yang, Qiuze Li, and Guo Ping Wang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 061112 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2969071 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 14 August 2008

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By using a single-beam optical interference lithography we fabricated a kind of periodic complex photonic crystals constructed with a portion of photonic quasicrystals. The periodic photonic crystals show the photonic bandgap properties of the original photonic quasicrystals but maintain the periodicity in long range so that their photonic band structures can exactly be calculated in theory. Diverse structures were fabricated by real time modulating the phase relation of the interference beams. The complex photonic crystal materials presented here may provide an example for creating diverse photonic structures for effectively manipulating electromagnetic properties.
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42.82.Cr Fabrication techniques; lithography, pattern transfer
42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
42.40.My Applications

Stabilized porous silicon optical superlattices with controlled surface passivation

M. Ghulinyan, B. Gelloz, T. Ohta, L. Pavesi, D. J. Lockwood, and N. Koshida

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 061113 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2969294 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 14 August 2008

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We report on very effective stabilization of porous silicon optical devices through a chemical surface modification technique. Such a chemical treatment proves to alter the growth of native silicon oxide on pore surfaces and thus prevents the optical device from chemical aging. As an example, we apply this technique to one-dimensional freestanding optical superlattices made of five coupled microcavities. We demonstrate how the transmission resonances of the superlattice stabilize after treatment, which implies that refractive indices in the multilayer structure remain constant. The effectiveness of the chemical surface modification technique guarantees a long-life functionality of porous silicon-based optical devices.
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42.70.-a Optical materials
81.65.Rv Passivation
78.67.Pt Multilayers; superlattices; photonic structures; metamaterials
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)
81.05.Cy Elemental semiconductors

L-band ultrafast fiber laser mode locked by carbon nanotubes

Z. Sun, A. G. Rozhin, F. Wang, V. Scardaci, W. I. Milne, I. H. White, F. Hennrich, and A. C. Ferrari

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 061114 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2968661 (3 pages) | Cited 28 times

Online Publication Date: 15 August 2008

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We fabricate a nanotube-polyvinyl alcohol saturable absorber with a broad absorption at 1.6 μm. We demonstrate a pulsed fiber laser working in the telecommunication L band by using this composite as a mode locker. This gives ∼ 498±16 fs pulses at 1601 nm with a 26.7 MHz repetition rate.
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42.55.Wd Fiber lasers
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
42.60.Fc Modulation, tuning, and mode locking
42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression
42.79.Sz Optical communication systems, multiplexers, and demultiplexers

Thermal poling induced second-order nonlinearity in femtosecond-laser-modified fused silica

Honglin An, Simon Fleming, Benjamin W. McMillen, Kevin P. Chen, and David Snoke

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 061115 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2973149 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 15 August 2008

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Thermal poling was utilized to induce second-order nonlinearity in regions of fused silica modified by 771 nm femtosecond laser pulses. With second-harmonic microscopy, it was found that the nonlinearity in the laser-modified region was much lower than that in nonmodified regions. This is attributed to a more rigid glass network after irradiation by the femtosecond laser pulses and/or lack of mobile alkali ions. Measurement of the distribution of chemical elements in the femtosecond-laser-modified region in a soda lime glass revealed a lower level of sodium ions.
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42.70.Ce Glasses, quartz
61.80.Ba Ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation effects (including laser radiation)
42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression
42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation
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