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1 Sep 2008

Volume 93, Issue 9, Articles (09xxxx)

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 091901 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2976330 (3 pages)

Fang-Fang Ren, M. B. Yu, J. D. Ye, Q. Chen, S. T. Tan, G. Q. Lo, and D. L. Kwong
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Biomimetic hierarchical structure for self-cleaning

Bharat Bhushan, Kerstin Koch, and Yong Chae Jung

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 093101 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2976635 (3 pages) | Cited 30 times

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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Hierarchical roughness is beneficial for superhydrophobicity. Surfaces with microstructure, nanostructure, and hierarchical structure were fabricated by replication of micropattern and self- assembly of hydrophobic alkanes. The fabrication technique used is a low cost two step process, which provides flexibility in the fabrication of a variety of hierarchical structures. Fabricated structures and surface chemistry mimic the hierarchical surfaces of superhydrophobic and self-cleaning plant surfaces. The influence of structure on superhydrophobicity at different length scales is demonstrated by the investigation of static contact angle, hysteresis and tilt angles, and propensity of air pocket formation as well as adhesive forces.
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81.16.Dn Self-assembly
81.65.Cf Surface cleaning, etching, patterning
68.47.Pe Langmuir-Blodgett films on solids; polymers on surfaces; biological molecules on surfaces
68.35.B- Structure of clean surfaces (and surface reconstruction)
68.03.Cd Surface tension and related phenomena
68.35.Np Adhesion

Ultrathin epitaxially grown bismuth (111) membranes

T. Payer, I. Rajković, M. Ligges, D. von der Linde, M. Horn-von Hoegen, and F.-J. Meyer zu Heringdorf

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 093102 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2976558 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 3 September 2008

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An ex situ cleaning and etching technique was applied to NaCl single crystals to prepare atomically flat and clean NaCl surfaces. These were used as substrates for molecular beam epitaxial growth of ultrathin continuous Bi(111) films. The high film quality—as studied with low energy electron diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron diffraction—is attributed to the commensurate 10:7 ratio of the lattice constants. Dissolving the NaCl substrates in water allows the fabrication of freestanding 20 nm thin Bi(111) membranes of centimeter size.
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81.15.Hi Molecular, atomic, ion, and chemical beam epitaxy
61.05.jh Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED)
68.37.Ps Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
87.64.Dz Scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy

A planar layer configuration for surface plasmon interference nanoscale lithography

K. V. Sreekanth, V. M. Murukeshan, and J. K. Chua

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 093103 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2976630 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 3 September 2008

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A planar layer configuration for surface plasmon interference lithography to realize one-dimensional periodic nanostructure is proposed and numerically demonstrated in this letter. High electric field distribution compared to conventional prism based configuration is found to be achievable with this and hence facilitate high contrast and high resolution features with good exposure depth. Finite-difference time-domain simulation results indicate that the feature size approximately at sub-65-nm is achievable by using silver metal layer and a p-polarized 427 nm wavelength illumination. Simulated resist profiles, using cellular automata model, obtained through this proposed configuration is also presented.
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81.16.Nd Micro- and nanolithography
85.40.Hp Lithography, masks and pattern transfer
81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials

A complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor compatible monocantilever 12-point probe for conductivity measurements on the nanoscale

L. Gammelgaard, P. Bøggild, J. W. Wells, K. Handrup, Ph. Hofmann, M. B. Balslev, J. E. Hansen, and P. R. E. Petersen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 093104 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2888746 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 3 September 2008

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We present a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor compatible, nanoscale 12-point-probe based on TiW electrodes placed on a SiO2 monocantilever. Probes are mass fabricated on Si wafers by a combination of electron beam and UV lithography, realizing TiW electrode tips with a width down to 250 nm and a probe pitch of 500 nm. In-air four-point measurements have been performed on indium tin oxide, ruthenium, and titanium-tungsten, showing good agreement with values obtained by other four-point probes. In-vacuum four-point resistance measurements have been performed on clean Bi(111) using different probe spacings. The results show the expected behavior for bulk Bi, indicating that the contribution of electronic surface states to the transport properties is very small.
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73.20.At Surface states, band structure, electron density of states
73.25.+i Surface conductivity and carrier phenomena
73.63.-b Electronic transport in nanoscale materials and structures
81.16.Nd Micro- and nanolithography

Wavevector-dependent quantum-size effect in electron decay length at Pb thin film surfaces

Xin Liu, S. B. Zhang, X. C. Ma, Jin-Feng Jia, Qi-Kun Xue, Xin-He Bao, and Wei-Xue Li

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 093105 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2977529 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 3 September 2008

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The physical origin of quantum-size effects (QSEs) and its impact on the decay length of electrons in Pb thin films are studied by first-principles calculations. We show that QSE is not only size but also wavevector dependent: being maximum at math due to strong interlayer coupling between pz orbitals, but could be vanishingly small at other symmetry points due to weak interlayer coupling between px,y orbitals. The electron decay length also exhibits systematic oscillations with film thickness and the math valley has the slowest decay.
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73.61.At Metal and metallic alloys
68.55.jd Thickness
71.15.Mb Density functional theory, local density approximation, gradient and other corrections

Atomic scale analysis of the effect of the SiO2 passivation treatment on InAs/GaSb superlattice mesa sidewall

M. Herrera, M. Chi, M. Bonds, N. D. Browning, Joseph N. Woolman, Robert E. Kvaas, Sean F. Harris, David R. Rhiger, and Cory J. Hill

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 093106 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2977589 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 3 September 2008

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We have analyzed by electron microscopy techniques the effect of the deposition of a SiO2 passivation layer on an InAs/GaSb type-II superlattice (SL) mesa with applications as a photodetector. Our images reveal good conformal coverage by the SiO2 upon an undulating edge of the SL mesa. However, we have observed scarce As clusters at the interface between the SL mesa and the passivation layer and some degree of oxidation of the mesa sidewall. The strong reduction in surface leakage currents demonstrates that the observed imperfections do not have a substantial detrimental effect on the passivation capabilities of the SiO2 layer.
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81.65.Rv Passivation
81.65.Mq Oxidation
81.05.Ea III-V semiconductors
68.47.Fg Semiconductor surfaces
68.65.Cd Superlattices
85.60.Gz Photodetectors (including infrared and CCD detectors)

Atomic force microscope local oxidation nanolithography of graphene

Lishan Weng, Liyuan Zhang, Yong P. Chen, and L. P. Rokhinson

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 093107 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2976429 (3 pages) | Cited 33 times

Online Publication Date: 3 September 2008

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We demonstrate the local oxidation nanopatterning of graphene films by an atomic force microscope. The technique provides a method to form insulating trenches in graphene flakes and to fabricate nanodevices with sub-nanometer precision. We demonstrate fabrication of a 25-nm-wide nanoribbon and submicron size nanoring from a graphene flake. We also found that we can write either trenches or bumps on the graphene surface depending on the lithography conditions. We attribute the bumps to partial oxidation of the surface and incorporation of oxygen into the graphene lattice.
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81.16.Nd Micro- and nanolithography
81.16.Rf Micro- and nanoscale pattern formation
81.65.Mq Oxidation
61.48.-c Structure of fullerenes and related hollow and planar molecular structures
85.35.-p Nanoelectronic devices
68.37.Ps Atomic force microscopy (AFM)

Surface stress induced structural transformations and pseudoelastic effects in palladium nanowires

Jijun Lao and Dorel Moldovan

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 093108 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2976434 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 3 September 2008

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Using molecular dynamics simulations, we investigate the surface stress induced structural transformations and pseudoelastic behaviors in palladium nanowires. For wires with a ⟨100⟩ initial orientation, the simulations indicate that when the cross-sectional area is less than 2.18 ×2.18 nm2, the nanowire undergoes spontaneous reversible phase transformation from fcc to body-centered tetragonal structure. In wires with larger cross-sectional areas, the structural transformation is achieved via spontaneous reversible lattice reorientation. In both cases, under tensile loading and unloading, Pd nanowires reverse between the corresponding transformed structure and the original structure, exhibiting pseudoelastic behaviors characterized by fully recoverable strains of up to 50%.
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61.50.Ks Crystallographic aspects of phase transformations; pressure effects
81.30.Hd Constant-composition solid-solid phase transformations: polymorphic, massive, and order-disorder
64.70.Nd Structural transitions in nanoscale materials
61.43.Bn Structural modeling: serial-addition models, computer simulation
61.66.Dk Alloys
81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity, stress-strain relations

Mechanical and electrical evaluation of parylene-C encapsulated carbon nanotube networks on a flexible substrate

Chia-Ling Chen, Ernesto Lopez, Yung-Joon Jung, Sinan Müftü, Selvapraba Selvarasah, and Mehmet R. Dokmeci

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 093109 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2976633 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 4 September 2008

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Carbon nanotube networks are an emerging conductive nanomaterial with applications including thin film transistors, interconnects, and sensors. In this letter, we demonstrate the fabrication of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) networks on a flexible polymer substrate and then provide encapsulation utilizing a thin parylene-C layer. The encapsulated SWNT network was subjected to tensile tests while its electrical resistance was monitored. Tests showed a linear-elastic response up to a strain value of 2.8% and nearly linear change in electrical resistance in the 0%–2% strain range. The networks’ electrical resistance was monitored during load-unload tests of up to 100 cycles and was hysteresis-free.
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73.63.Fg Nanotubes
81.07.De Nanotubes
62.25.-g Mechanical properties of nanoscale systems
81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity, stress-strain relations
81.05.Cy Elemental semiconductors
62.20.D- Elasticity

Hot optical phonon decay in carbon nanotubes

G. Pennington, S. J. Kilpatrick, and A. E. Wickenden

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 093110 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2975376 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 4 September 2008

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We simulate hot optical phonon decay in small diameter (<0.7 nm) carbon nanotubes, solving the phonon Boltzmann transport equation using Monte Carlo methods incorporating the full phonon spectrum and phonon-phonon scattering. Results indicate decay times inversely proportional to the lattice temperature with negligible dependence on hot phonon polarization/wave vector or nanotube diameter and chirality. Nonequilibrium optical phonons with energies of ∼ 0.2 eV decay by emitting two ∼ 0.1 eV optical phonons, corresponding to out-of-plane polarization modes in graphitic materials. Modes polarized perpendicular to the nanotube axis may allow manipulation of hot phonon effects by the near environment of the nanotube.
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63.22.Gh Nanotubes and nanowires
63.20.kg Phonon-phonon interactions
61.46.Fg Nanotubes
78.67.Ch Nanotubes
61.48.De Structure of carbon nanotubes, boron nanotubes, and other related systems

Multiple impact regimes in liquid environment dynamic atomic force microscopy

John Melcher, Xin Xu, and Arvind Raman

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 093111 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2976438 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 4 September 2008

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A canonical assumption in dynamic atomic force microscopy is that the probe tip interacts with the sample once per oscillation cycle. We show this key ansatz breaks down for soft cantilevers in liquid environments. Such probes exhibit “drum roll” like dynamics with sequential bifurcations between oscillations with single, double, and triple impacts that can be clearly identified in the phase of the response. This important result is traced to a momentary excitation of the second flexural mode induced by tip-sample forces and low quality factors. Experiments performed on supported biological membranes in buffer solutions are used to demonstrate the findings.
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87.64.Dz Scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy
87.16.D- Membranes, bilayers, and vesicles

X-ray nanospectroscopic characterization of a molecularly thin ferromagnetic Ti1−xCoxO2 nanosheet

Yoshinori Kotani, Toshiyuki Taniuchi, Minoru Osada, Takayoshi Sasaki, Masato Kotsugi, F. Z. Guo, Yoshio Watanabe, Masato Kubota, and Kanta Ono

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 093112 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2976550 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 5 September 2008

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We investigated the local electronic structures of a molecularly thin ferromagnetic Ti0.8Co0.2O2 nanosheet by means of x-ray nanospectroscopy with spectroscopic photoemission and low energy electron microscopy. By analyzing the Co 2p x-ray absorption and photoemission spectra, the chemical state of doped Co ions in individual Ti0.8Co0.2O2 nanosheet was found to be Co2+ low-spin state, which is consistent with previous magnetization data and first-principles calculation [ M. Osada et al., Phys. Rev. B 73, 153301 (2006) ]. Furthermore, we employed photoelectron emission microscopy to image the variation in chemical states in Ti0.8Co0.2O2 nanosheets with different stacking structures and clarified the identical Co2+ low-spin state in monolayer and overlapped cases.
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78.70.Dm X-ray absorption spectra
75.50.Dd Nonmetallic ferromagnetic materials
75.70.Ak Magnetic properties of monolayers and thin films
71.15.-m Methods of electronic structure calculations
75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems; nanocrystalline materials
79.60.Jv Interfaces; heterostructures; nanostructures

Enhanced optical response in doubly waveguided plasmonic gratings

Xinping Zhang, Shengfei Feng, Hongmei Liu, and Li Wang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 093113 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2978236 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 5 September 2008

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A waveguide fabricated on top of a bottom-waveguided gold-nanowire grating device excites additional resonance modes through interaction between the two waveguides, which overlaps the “intrinsic” resonance mode of the bottom waveguide. Thus, the TE polarized (parallel to the gold nanowires) waveguide mode and TM polarized (perpendicular to the nanowires) coupled mode between the waveguide mode and the particle plasmon resonance of the gold nanowires are enhanced significantly in a tunable spectral band. The top waveguide also extends considerably the spectral tuning range of this optical filter device.
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42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers
42.79.Dj Gratings
42.86.+b Optical workshop techniques

Conversion of surface plasmon polaritons to light by a surface step

Naoki Yamamoto and Takahiro Suzuki

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 093114 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2978248 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 5 September 2008

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A focused electron beam in a transmission electron microscope can excite a surface plasmon polariton (SPP) at any position on a metal surface as a point source. The excited SPP is converted into light at a surface step and the emission intensity depends on the beam position, photon energy, and emission angle. A spectrum image was obtained by scanning the electron beam across a step on a silver surface with a fixed emission angle, demonstrating a characteristic fringe pattern. The dispersion relation of the SPP on a silver surface is derived by analyzing the spectrum image.
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73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)
71.36.+c Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions)

Nanobelts in multicomponent aluminum alloys

Z. H. Jia and L. Arnberg

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 093115 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2978405 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 5 September 2008

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High density of nanobeltlike precipitates has been observed in an Al–Si–Mg–Hf–Y alloy after heat treatments. Quantitative analysis in scanning transmission electron micrscopy (TEM) shows that the precipitates contain Hf, Si, and some Al. The precipitates have an orthorhombic structure which has been revealed by high-resolution TEM and electron diffraction. The precipitates have been identified to be of the Si2Hf-type phase.
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81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials

Ballistic nanoindentation of polymers

B. Gotsmann, H. Rothuizen, and U. Duerig

Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 093116 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2977867 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 5 September 2008

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Indentation of a sharp (20 nm) cantilevered silicon tip into a polymer (SU8) surface is analyzed experimentally and through finite-element simulations. A rate effect on the microsecond scale that eases indentation is found, in contrast to the commonly observed hardening at high strain rates. The observed rate effect is discussed in terms of adiabatic heating and inertial force overshoot. The estimated magnitude of adiabatic heating is marginal, but the force overshoot itself is large enough to explain the data. The data imply that topographic patterning of a polymer at megahertz rates is feasible.
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81.16.Rf Micro- and nanoscale pattern formation
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments
68.35.bm Polymers, organics
81.40.Np Fatigue, corrosion fatigue, embrittlement, cracking, fracture, and failure
62.20.Qp Friction, tribology, and hardness
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