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5 Jan 2009

Volume 94, Issue 1, Articles (01xxxx)

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 013102 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3062938 (3 pages)

Hao-Chih Yuan, Jonghyun Shin, Guoxuan Qin, Lei Sun, Pallab Bhattacharya, Max G. Lagally, George K. Celler, and Zhenqiang Ma
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Modification of graphene properties due to electron-beam irradiation

D. Teweldebrhan and A. A. Balandin

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 013101 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3062851 (3 pages) | Cited 84 times

Online Publication Date: 6 January 2009

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The authors report micro-Raman investigation of changes in the single and bilayer graphene crystal lattice induced by the low and medium energy electron-beam irradiation (5–20 keV). It was found that the radiation exposures result in the appearance of the strong disorder D band around 1345 cm−1, indicating damage to the lattice. The D and G peak evolution with increasing radiation dose follows the amorphization trajectory, which suggests graphene’s transformation to the nanocrystalline and then to amorphous form. The results have important implications for graphene characterization and device fabrication, which rely on the electron microscopy and focused ion beam processing.
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78.30.Na Fullerenes and related materials
78.66.Tr Fullerenes and related materials
61.80.Fe Electron and positron radiation effects

Flexible photodetectors on plastic substrates by use of printing transferred single-crystal germanium membranes

Hao-Chih Yuan, Jonghyun Shin, Guoxuan Qin, Lei Sun, Pallab Bhattacharya, Max G. Lagally, George K. Celler, and Zhenqiang Ma

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 013102 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3062938 (3 pages) | Cited 21 times

Online Publication Date: 6 January 2009

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This letter presents studies of multiwavelength flexible photodetectors on a plastic substrate by use of printing transferred single-crystal germanium (Ge) membranes. Ge membranes of 250 nm thickness with selectively ion-implantation doped regions were released from a germanium-on-insulator substrate and integrated with a 175-μm-thick polyethylene terephthalate substrate via a dry printing technique. Photodiodes configured in lateral p-i-n configuration using the flexible Ge membranes with an intrinsic region width of 10 μm exhibit an external quantum efficiency that varies from 5% at 411 nm to 42% at 633 nm under −1 V bias condition. These results demonstrate the potential of utilizing single-crystal Ge-membrane photodiodes for imaging applications and as solar cells on objects with arbitrary curvatures and shapes.
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85.60.Gz Photodetectors (including infrared and CCD detectors)
85.60.Dw Photodiodes; phototransistors; photoresistors

Achieving a noninteracting magnetic nanoparticle system through direct control of interparticle spacing

H. T. Yang, D. Hasegawa, M. Takahashi, and T. Ogawa

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 013103 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3063032 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 6 January 2009

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Monodisperse magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized and coated using a SiO2 shell with controlled thickness ranging from 3.0 to 20.0 nm. The temperature-dependent zero-field-cooled (ZFC) and field-cooled (FC) magnetizations of the 7.5 nm Fe3O4 NPs with systematically increasing interparticle spacing were studied using the continuous and intermittent cooling protocol. The experimental evidence from dc magnetization and simulated ZFC/FC curves reveal that the increasing interparticle spacing modulated the collective magnetic behavior by effectively lowering the interparticle dipolar coupling, and for 7.5 nm Fe3O4 NPs a noninteracting particle system formed with interparticle spacing above 31.5 nm.
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75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects
75.75.-c Magnetic properties of nanostructures
75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems; nanocrystalline materials
81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
81.07.-b Nanoscale materials and structures: fabrication and characterization

Quantifying the number of color centers in single fluorescent nanodiamonds by photon correlation spectroscopy and Monte Carlo simulation

Yuen Yung Hui, Yi-Ren Chang, Tsong-Shin Lim, Hsu-Yang Lee, Wunshain Fann, and Huan-Cheng Chang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 013104 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3067867 (3 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 7 January 2009

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The number of negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy centers (N-V)− in fluorescent nanodiamond (FND) has been determined by photon correlation spectroscopy and Monte Carlo simulations at the single particle level. By taking account of the random dipole orientation of the multiple (N-V)− fluorophores and simulating the probability distribution of their effective numbers (Ne), we found that the actual number (Na) of the fluorophores is in linear correlation with Ne, with correction factors of 1.8 and 1.2 in measurements using linearly and circularly polarized lights, respectively. We determined Na = 8±1 for 28 nm FND particles prepared by 3 MeV proton irradiation.
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61.72.jn Color centers
78.55.Qr Amorphous materials; glasses and other disordered solids
61.43.Bn Structural modeling: serial-addition models, computer simulation
61.80.Jh Ion radiation effects
78.67.Bf Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, and nanoclusters
61.72.jd Vacancies

Effects of anion concentration on ion-transport pressure in nanopores

Taewan Kim, Weiyi Lu, Aijie Han, Venkata K. Punyamurtula, Xi Chen, and Yu Qiao

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 013105 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3023071 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 7 January 2009

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In an experiment on pressure-driven ion transport in nanopores of a zeolite, the anion concentration is varied in a broad range. As the anion concentration is relatively low, its influence on the ion transport pressure, which reflects the system free energy variation rate, is negligible. When the anion concentration is relatively high, it has a pronounced effect on the ion transport pressure, which should be attributed to the unique surface ion structure in the confining nanoenvironment. The testing data also indicate that the effective interfacial tension is highly dependent on the anion size.
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66.30.H- Self-diffusion and ionic conduction in nonmetals
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
68.08.-p Liquid-solid interfaces
68.35.B- Structure of clean surfaces (and surface reconstruction)

Plasmonic enhancement of emission from Si-nanocrystals

Yiyang Gong, Jesse Lu, Szu-Lin Cheng, Yoshio Nishi, and Jelena Vučković

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 013106 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3055602 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 8 January 2009

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Plasmonic gratings of different periodicities are fabricated on top of silicon nanocrystals embedded in silicon dioxide. Total enhancements of up to 2 were observed, which matches the value from simulations. Plasmonic enhancements are observed for the first three orders of the plasmonic modes, with the peak enhancement wavelength varying with the periodicity. Biharmonic gratings are also fabricated to extract the enhanced emission from the first order plasmonic mode, resulting in enhancements with quality factors of up to 16.
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42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
42.79.Dj Gratings
42.82.-m Integrated optics
73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)
73.22.Lp Collective excitations

Laminated, microfluidic-integrated carbon nanotube based biosensors

Ju Nie Tey, I Putu Mahendra Wijaya, Zongbin Wang, Wei Hau Goh, Alagappan Palaniappan, Subodh G. Mhaisalkar, Isabel Rodriguez, Simon Dunham, and John A. Rogers

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 013107 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3065480 (3 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 8 January 2009

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In this communication, a laminated, flexible, microfluidic-integrated, all CNT based liquid-gated transistor and biosensor are reported that comprises single walled CNTs for both the semiconducting channel as well as the contact electrodes. The proposed architecture eliminates the need for lithography, electrode definition processes, and also circumvents substrate surface compatibility issues. Real-time detection of 1 pM poly-L-lysine in a liquid-gated transistor comprising only two materials, single walled CNTs and polydimethoxysilane substrate with microfluidic channel, is demonstrated.
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85.35.Kt Nanotube devices
07.07.Df Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing
07.10.Cm Micromechanical devices and systems
85.85.+j Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and devices
85.30.Tv Field effect devices

Mg-doped GaN nanostructures: Energetics, magnetism, and H2 adsorption

Qian Wang, Qiang Sun, Puru Jena, and Yoshiyuki Kawazoe

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 013108 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3067836 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 8 January 2009

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Using density functional theory and generalized gradient approximation for exchange and correlation potential we show that Mg-doped GaN nanocages and nanotubes can be magnetic with Mg-contributed spins distributed over the neighboring N sites. Mg atoms show no tendency for clustering due to the positive charge residing on them; they can trap hydrogen in molecular form via the charge polarization mechanism. The binding energies of hydrogen lie in the range of 0.1–0.2 eV/H2, which are ideal for storage applications under ambient thermodynamic conditions.
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61.46.Fg Nanotubes
71.15.Mb Density functional theory, local density approximation, gradient and other corrections
61.50.Lt Crystal binding; cohesive energy
68.43.De Statistical mechanics of adsorbates
75.30.Cr Saturation moments and magnetic susceptibilities

From carbon nanobells to nickel nanotubes

S. Ma, V. V. S. S. Srikanth, D. Maik, G. Y. Zhang, T. Staedler, and X. Jiang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 013109 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3005592 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 8 January 2009

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A generic strategy is proposed to prepare one dimensional (1D) metallic nanotubes by using 1D carbon nanostructures as the initial templates. Following the strategy, nickel (Ni) nanotubes are prepared by using carbon nanobells (CNBs) as the initial templates. CNBs are first prepared by microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition technique. Carbon/nickel core/shell structures are then prepared by electroplating the CNBs in a nickel-Watts electrolytic cell. In the final step, the carbon core is selectively removed by employing hydrogen plasma etching to obtain Ni nanotubes. The mechanism leading to Ni nanotubes is briefly discussed.
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81.07.De Nanotubes
81.05.Bx Metals, semimetals, and alloys
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-enhanced CVD, MOCVD, ALD, etc.)
81.15.Pq Electrodeposition, electroplating
81.65.Cf Surface cleaning, etching, patterning

Organic light-emitting diodes with carbon nanotube cathode-organic interface layer

Deang Liu, Michael Fina, Jinghua Guo, Xiaobo Chen, Gao Liu, Stephen G. Johnson, and Samuel S. Mao

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 013110 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3049605 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 8 January 2009

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Improved performance of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) was achieved by implementing a carbon nanotube (CNT) layer at the cathode-organic interface, spin coated between the organic layer and the cathode. The small geometry of CNTs could enable the enhancement of the electric field around them, thus increasing electron injection efficiency from the cathode to the organic layer. In addition, as measured from the x-ray absorption and emission spectroscopy, incorporation of CNT could reduce the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the organic material at the cathode-organic interface, thus effectively decreasing the barrier for electron injection. Increased electron injection and luminance characteristics were demonstrated for both polymer and small molecule based OLED devices.
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85.60.Jb Light-emitting devices
85.35.Kt Nanotube devices

Functionalized heterofullerenes for hydrogen storage

Qiang Sun, Qian Wang, and Puru Jena

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 013111 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3058678 (3 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 9 January 2009

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Using density functional theory, we show that Li decorated B doped heterofullerene (Li12C48B12) has the following desired properties of a hydrogen storage material. (1) The Li atoms remain isolated. (2) Through charge transfer to electron deficient C48B12 heterofullerene, the Li atoms become positively charged. (3) Each Li atom is able to bind up to three H2 molecules, which remain in molecular form, and the binding energies of successive H2 molecules are in the range of 0.135–0.172 eV/H2, suitable for ambient temperature storage. (4) The gravimetric density reaches the 9 wt % limit necessary for applications in the mobile industry.
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84.60.-h Direct energy conversion and storage
82.30.Fi Ion-molecule, ion-ion, and charge-transfer reactions
71.15.Nc Total energy and cohesive energy calculations

Multiple scattering effects in strain and composition analysis of nanoislands by grazing incidence x rays

M.-I. Richard, V. Favre-Nicolin, G. Renaud, T. U. Schülli, C. Priester, Z. Zhong, and T.-H. Metzger

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 013112 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3064157 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 9 January 2009

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Experiments and numerical simulations based on finite element modeling show that the x-ray intensity scattered by comparatively large nanostructures on a substrate is not simply related to their strain in experiments using either grazing incidence or exit because of multiple scattering effects. However, whatever the nanostructure size, the composition profiles are correctly extracted from grazing incidence multiwavelength anomalous scattering. These effects are illustrated for the structural analysis of Ge dome-shaped islands grown on Si(001).
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78.70.Ck X-ray scattering
81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
68.35.bg Semiconductors
61.66.Bi Elemental solids
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