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5 Jan 2009

Volume 94, Issue 1, Articles (01xxxx)

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 013102 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3062938 (3 pages)

Hao-Chih Yuan, Jonghyun Shin, Guoxuan Qin, Lei Sun, Pallab Bhattacharya, Max G. Lagally, George K. Celler, and Zhenqiang Ma
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Bianalyte mass detection with a single resonant microcantilever

Haitao Yu and Xinxin Li

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 011901 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3050460 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 5 January 2009

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Mass-loading detection of multiple kinds of analyte with a single resonant microcantilever is proposed and experimentally validated. By exciting the cantilever in different resonance modes and adsorbing the different analytes at different locations of the cantilever, the specific mass of either kind of analyte can be independently detected. The proposed micromechanical resonant cantilever sensor is designed and fabricated using silicon micromachining techniques. Used as simulant adsorbates, Au and Cr thin films are selectively implemented on the cantilever to verify the bianalyte detecting function. The testing results are consistent with the theoretical analysis, with the detection error being an order of magnitude lower than the analyzed mass.
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87.80.Ek Mechanical and micromechanical techniques
06.60.Vz Workshop procedures (welding, machining, lubrication, bearings, etc.)
06.30.Dr Mass and density
82.80.-d Chemical analysis and related physical methods of analysis
07.07.Df Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing

Analysis and improvement of interfacial adhesion of growth-dominant Ge-doped SbTe phase change materials

Jeung-hyun Jeong, Hyung-Woo Ahn, Suyoun Lee, Won Mok Kim, Jae-Geun Ha, and Byung-ki Cheong

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 011902 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3064916 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 5 January 2009

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A semiquantitative characterization of the interfacial adhesion of phase change materials is developed, which consists of determining critical adhesion temperature (TCA) via measuring the probability of adhesion failure with temperature using patterned films. By comparison of TCA values, Ge-doped SbTe (Ge-ST) is shown to have weaker adhesion than Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST), which results from its limited ability in relaxation of crystallization-induced stress. Nitrogen or oxygen doping in Ge-ST produces significant increase in TCA, close to that of GST. This improvement is due to smaller grain size of N-/O-doped Ge-ST, which facilitates the relaxation of the stress via grain boundary diffusion or sliding.
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68.35.Np Adhesion
61.72.Mm Grain and twin boundaries
81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity, stress-strain relations
62.40.+i Anelasticity, internal friction, stress relaxation, and mechanical resonances
61.43.Fs Glasses

The use of nanocavities for the fabrication of ultrathin buried oxide layers

Xin Ou, Reinhard Kögler, Arndt Mücklich, Wolfgang Skorupa, Wolfhard Möller, Xi Wang, and Lasse Vines

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 011903 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3065478 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 6 January 2009

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A continuous buried oxide layer with a thickness of only 58 nm is formed in silicon by oxygen implantation at 185 keV with a very low ion fluence of 1×1017 cm−2 and subsequent He implantation. Due to the implanted He efficient oxygen gettering occurs at the implantation induced damage and results in the accumulation of the implanted oxygen as well as of oxygen indiffused from the annealing atmosphere. The morphology and the resistivity of the resulting silicon-on-insulator structure are analyzed by cross section transmission electron microscopy and by cross section scanning spreading resistance microscopy.
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68.55.A- Nucleation and growth
68.55.Ln Defects and impurities: doping, implantation, distribution, concentration, etc.
73.40.Qv Metal-insulator-semiconductor structures (including semiconductor-to-insulator)
61.72.Cc Kinetics of defect formation and annealing
61.72.Qq Microscopic defects (voids, inclusions, etc.)
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials

Determination of third order elastic constants in a complex solid applying coda wave interferometry

C. Payan, V. Garnier, J. Moysan, and P. A. Johnson

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 011904 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3064129 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 6 January 2009

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In this letter we describe the development of coda wave interferometry to determine acoustoelastically derived third order nonlinear coefficients of a highly complex material, concrete. Concrete, a structurally heterogeneous and volumetrically mechanically damaged material, is an example of a class of materials that exhibit strong multiple scattering as well as significant elastic nonlinear response. We show that intense scattering can be applied to robustly determine velocity changes at progressively increasing applied stress using coda wave interferometry, and thereby extract nonlinear coefficients.
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07.10.-h Mechanical instruments and equipment
43.58.-e Acoustical measurements and instrumentation
81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity, stress-strain relations
62.20.dq Other elastic constants

Remote dynamic acoustoelastic testing: Elastic and dissipative acoustic nonlinearities measured under hydrostatic tension and compression

Guillaume Renaud, Samuel Callé, and Marielle Defontaine

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 011905 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3064137 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 6 January 2009

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Remote dynamic acoustoelastic testing is proposed to provide a noninvasive and regional measurement of elastic and dissipative acoustic nonlinearities in fluids and solids. The probed medium is dynamically stressed by a low-frequency sinusoidal variation in the hydrostatic pressure in the surrounding fluid. Simultaneously, ultrasound pulses propagate undergoing time of flight and energy modulations, associated with elastic and dissipative nonlinearities, respectively. Acoustic nonlinearities in tension phases can be distinguished from those measured in compression phases. Instantaneous modulations of ultrasound time of flight and energy are analyzed as functions of the instantaneous low-frequency acoustic pressure, similar to a quasistatic acoustoelastic testing.
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81.70.Cv Nondestructive testing: ultrasonic testing, photoacoustic testing
46.25.-y Static elasticity
07.64.+z Acoustic instruments and equipment
43.35.Yb Ultrasonic instrumentation and measurement techniques

Size dependence of lattice deformation induced by growth stress in Sn nanowires

Ho Sun Shin, Jin Yu, Jae Yong Song, and Hyun Min Park

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 011906 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3064167 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 6 January 2009

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We report on size-dependent lattice expansion of single crystalline Sn nanowires (NWs) with the wire radius (rNW = 6.9–34.7 nm), where the NWs are deposited under confinement of a nanotemplate. The longitudinal lattice expansion in the NWs increases up to approximately 1.0% with the reciprocal radius (1/rNW), contrary to the general theoretical prediction that the surface relaxation causes lattice contraction of nanomaterials. The longitudinal dilatation of the NW lattice can be understood by the Poisson effect induced by the compressive growth stress in the radial direction, which increases with the reciprocal radius.
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81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
61.66.Bi Elemental solids
81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
61.46.Km Structure of nanowires and nanorods (long, free or loosely attached, quantum wires and quantum rods, but not gate-isolated embedded quantum wires)
81.40.Lm Deformation, plasticity, and creep
62.20.F- Deformation and plasticity

Localized and delocalized states in GaNAs studied by microphotoluminescence and photoreflectance

Robert Kudrawiec, Grzegorz Sęk, Jan Misiewicz, Fumitaro Ishikawa, Achim Trampert, and Klaus H. Ploog

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 011907 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3055605 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 7 January 2009

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Optical transitions in GaNAs bulk layer containing 2.2% N have been studied with microphotoluminescence (μ-PL) and photoreflectance. At low temperatures and low excitation conditions, the μ-PL spectra showed sharp PL lines of 100–300 μeV widths about 10–20 meV below the energy gap. Those lines were attributed to the recombination of localized excitons trapped at local potential minima. When the excitation power was increased, an additional smooth PL band appeared at the higher-energy side. This band corresponds to the light-hole transition in photoreflectance spectrum, i.e., transition between the delocalized states.
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78.55.Cr III-V semiconductors
78.20.-e Optical properties of bulk materials and thin films
71.35.-y Excitons and related phenomena
71.20.Nr Semiconductor compounds

Mechanism of grain growth during severe plastic deformation of a nanocrystalline Ni–Fe alloy

Y. B. Wang, J. C. Ho, X. Z. Liao, H. Q. Li, S. P. Ringer, and Y. T. Zhu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 011908 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3065025 (3 pages) | Cited 21 times

Online Publication Date: 7 January 2009

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Deformation induced grain growth has been widely reported in nanocrystalline materials. However, the grain growth mechanism remains an open question. This study applies high-pressure torsion to severely deform bulk nanocrystalline Ni-20 wt % Fe disks and uses transmission electron microscopy to characterize the grain growth process. Our results provide solid evidence suggesting that high pressure torsion induced grain growth is achieved primarily via grain rotation for grains much smaller than 100 nm. Dislocations are mainly seen at small-angle subgrain boundaries during the grain growth process but are seen everywhere in grains after the grains have grown large.
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68.65.-k Low-dimensional, mesoscopic, nanoscale and other related systems: structure and nonelectronic properties
81.40.Lm Deformation, plasticity, and creep
62.20.fq Plasticity and superplasticity
61.72.Mm Grain and twin boundaries
61.72.Ff Direct observation of dislocations and other defects (etch pits, decoration, electron microscopy, x-ray topography, etc.)

Coherent terahertz acoustic vibrations in polar and semipolar gallium nitride-based superlattices

D. M. Moss, A. V. Akimov, A. J. Kent, B. A. Glavin, M. J. Kappers, J. L. Hollander, M. A. Moram, and C. J. Humphreys

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 011909 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3056653 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 7 January 2009

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The femtosecond optical pump-probe technique is used to generate and detect the coherent acoustic vibrations with a frequency 0.83×1012 Hz in polar (0001) and semipolar (11math2) InGaN/GaN superlattices. The measured amplitude of the vibrations in the semipolar sample is about five times smaller that in the polar one. Analysis of the experimental data and theoretical estimates suggest that, in addition to piezoelectric, deformation potential provides essential contribution to both generation and detection of vibrations, especially in the semipolar superlattice.
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78.47.J- Ultrafast spectroscopy (<1 psec)
73.21.Cd Superlattices
62.65.+k Acoustical properties of solids
77.65.-j Piezoelectricity and electromechanical effects
63.22.Np Layered systems

Understanding exceptional thermodynamic and kinetic stability of amorphous sulfur obtained by rapid compression

P. Yu, W. H. Wang, R. J. Wang, S. X. Lin, X. R. Liu, S. M. Hong, and H. Y. Bai

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 011910 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3064125 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 7 January 2009

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Amorphous sulfur (a-S) with excellent stability is obtained by rapid compression method. The prepared a-S has a single glassy phase and exhibits a wide supercooled liquid region of 112 K and much high thermal and kinetic stability at room temperature compared to that of conventional a-S fabricated by quenched method. The substantial improved thermal and kinetic stability is attributed to low energy state induced by rapid compressing process. The stable a-S is a model system for facilitating the studies of the nature of glasses and supercooled liquids.
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81.05.Kf Glasses (including metallic glasses)
81.20.-n Methods of materials synthesis and materials processing

Local strain behavior of bulk metallic glasses under tension studied by in situ x-ray diffraction

X. D. Wang, J. Bednarcik, H. Franz, H. B. Lou, Z. H. He, Q. P. Cao, and J. Z. Jiang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 011911 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3064136 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 7 January 2009

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The uniaxial tensile behavior of Zr62Al8Ni13Cu17, Cu46Zr46Al8, Zr48Cu43Al7Ag2, and La62Al14(Cu5/6Ag1/6)14Co5Ni5 bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) has been investigated by using in situ synchrotron radiation diffraction technique. It is found that the local strain is basically homogeneously distributed at low stress. However, heterogeneity appears obviously when the stress is close to the fracture strength. The amplitude of fluctuation in local strain for four BMGs could relate to the distribution of excess free volume within the medium range order.
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81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity, stress-strain relations
62.20.F- Deformation and plasticity
81.40.Np Fatigue, corrosion fatigue, embrittlement, cracking, fracture, and failure
62.20.mm Fracture
81.40.Lm Deformation, plasticity, and creep

Blech effect in Pb-free flip chip solder joint

Minhua Lu, Da-Yuan Shih, Paul Lauro, and Charles Goldsmith

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 011912 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3067863 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 8 January 2009

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The Blech effect in electromigration is studied in flip-chip-like Pb-free solder joint structures. The results from two different studies indicate that the Blech limit (J×L)c (current density times solder length) is close to 30 A/cm in Sn1.8 Ag solders, where the dominating degradation mechanism is Sn self-diffusion. For Sn0.7 Cu solders, where the failure is driven by interstitial diffusion, the Blech effect is not observed. When Blech product is approaching the Blech limit, a steady increase in resistance is replaced by a near-zero resistance change. This saturation in resistance shift significantly extends the electromigration lifetime in SnAg solders.
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85.40.-e Microelectronics: LSI, VLSI, ULSI; integrated circuit fabrication technology
66.30.Qa Electromigration
66.30.Fq Self-diffusion in metals, semimetals, and alloys
61.72.jj Interstitials
66.30.Lw Diffusion of other defects

Raman-active Fröhlich optical phonon mode in arsenic implanted ZnO

J. D. Ye, S. Tripathy, Fang-Fang Ren, X. W. Sun, G. Q. Lo, and K. L. Teo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 011913 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3067997 (3 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 8 January 2009

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In this letter, using both off-resonant and resonant Raman spectroscopic techniques, the correlation of optical phonons and structural disorder in As+ implanted ZnO single crystals has been investigated. An additional broad peak shoulder at 550 cm−1 between the transverse optical and longitudinal optical (LO) phonons was clarified to be resonant Fröhlich optical phonon mode in the framework of effective dielectric function. Under resonance condition, an asymmetric broadening and softening of the LO phonon along with a blueshifted luminescent peak revealed the decreasing phonon coherent length and nanocrystallization with increasing fluence, respectively, in good agreement with the observations of transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy.
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78.30.Fs III-V and II-VI semiconductors
61.80.Jh Ion radiation effects
61.72.uj III-V and II-VI semiconductors
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)
61.72.jd Vacancies
78.55.Et II-VI semiconductors

Monoclinic optical constants, birefringence, and dichroism of slanted titanium nanocolumns determined by generalized ellipsometry

Daniel Schmidt, Benjamin Booso, Tino Hofmann, Eva Schubert, Andrew Sarangan, and Mathias Schubert

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 011914 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3062996 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 8 January 2009

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Generalized spectroscopic ellipsometry determines the principal monoclinic optical constants of thin films consisting of slanted titanium nanocolumns deposited by glancing angle deposition under 85° incidence and tilted from the surface normal by 47°. Form birefringence measured for wavelengths from 500 to 1000 nm renders the Ti nanocolumns monoclinic absorbing crystals with c-axis along the nanocolumns, b-axis parallel to the film interface, and 67.5° monoclinic angle between the a- and c-axes. The columnar thin film reveals anomalous optical dispersion, extreme birefringence, strong dichroism, and differs completely from bulk titanium. Characteristic bulk interband transitions are absent in the spectral range investigated.
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78.66.Bz Metals and metallic alloys
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)
78.20.Fm Birefringence

The dielectric response of the H2Ti3O7 nanotube investigated by valence electron energy loss spectroscopy

Juan Wang, Quan Li, L.-M. Peng, and Marek Malac

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 011915 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3067994 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 9 January 2009

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The dielectric response of an anisotropic nanostructure, individual H2Ti3O7 nanotube with ∼ 8–10 nm diameter, has been investigated using both momentum transfer dependent and spatially resolved valence electron energy loss spectroscopies. The dielectric response of an individual nanotube is found to be dominated by several surface related excitations and defect states, although its basic electronic structure (such as the band gap and single electron interband transitions) is similar to that of TiO2. The possible origins of the surface excitations in such a tubular structure are also discussed.
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73.22.Lp Collective excitations
79.20.Uv Electron energy loss spectroscopy
71.55.Ht Other nonmetals

Surface effects on the elastic modulus of nanoporous materials

Xi-Qiao Feng, Re Xia, Xide Li, and Bo Li

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 011916 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3067999 (3 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 9 January 2009

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The mechanical properties of a nanoporous material depend not only on its porosity but also on its characteristic sizes of microstructure, e.g., the average sizes of ligaments. Classical continuum mechanics models cannot interpret this type of size dependence. We here present a unit-cell micromechanics model to predict the effective Young’s modulus of open-cell nanoporous materials. The theory of surface elasticity is adopted to incorporate the effects of surface energy and residual surface stress on the effective elastic property of nanoporous materials. This model can reasonably elucidate the relevant experimental results.
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81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity, stress-strain relations
62.20.de Elastic moduli
65.40.gp Surface energy
61.43.Gt Powders, porous materials
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