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8 Jun 2009

Volume 94, Issue 23, Articles (23xxxx)

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 233101 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3148782 (3 pages)

E. Moyen, M. Macé, G. Agnus, A. Fleurence, T. Maroutian, F. Houzé, A. Stupakiewicz, L. Masson, B. Bartenlian, W. Wulfhekel, P. Beauvillain, and M. Hanbücken
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Metal-rich Au-silicide nanoparticles for use in nanotechnology

E. Moyen, M. Macé, G. Agnus, A. Fleurence, T. Maroutian, F. Houzé, A. Stupakiewicz, L. Masson, B. Bartenlian, W. Wulfhekel, P. Beauvillain, and M. Hanbücken

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 233101 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3148782 (3 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 8 June 2009

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We present a route to functionalize chemically and magnetically silicon surfaces by a local passivation, taking advantage of Stranski–Krastanov growth mode of the Au–Si(111) system. Metal-rich Au-silicide nanoparticles, supported on a Si-rich two-dimensional Au-silicide layer, are obtained. Subsequently deposited Co is used to form magnetic nanostructures. The two Au silicides display a different chemical reactivity with Co enabling the fabrication of localized magnetic Co nanodots. These magnetic nanostructures can be aligned along step bunches of a vicinal Si(111) surface. By varying the growth parameters, the particle density can be tuned from 109 to the low 1012 dots/in.2.
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81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
81.65.Rv Passivation
82.65.+r Surface and interface chemistry; heterogeneous catalysis at surfaces
75.70.Rf Surface magnetism
81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems; nanocrystalline materials

Resonant transmission of light through surface plasmon structures

Kemal Gurel, Burkan Kaplan, Hasan Guner, Mehmet Bayindir, and Aykutlu Dana

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 233102 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3151828 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 8 June 2009

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Plasmonics enables the realization of new optical components. Here, we report yet another plasmonic component based on a pair of surfaces displaying grating coupled plasmon enhanced transmission. We observe high quality factor transmission peaks as high as 100 through our plasmonic filter based on gratings obtained directly from optical storage disks. Wavelength and polarization dependent transmission is also demonstrated in the visible and infrared portions of the spectrum. The resonance wavelength of this filter can be tuned by simply changing the angle of incidence. Numerical calculations agree well with measurements. Our work can open up directions toward disposable optical components such as filters and polarizers.
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78.68.+m Optical properties of surfaces
73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)
42.79.Dj Gratings
78.66.Bz Metals and metallic alloys
42.79.Ci Filters, zone plates, and polarizers

Variation of magnetization reversal in pseudo-spin-valve elliptical rings

C. Yu, T. W. Chiang, Y. S. Chen, K. W. Cheng, D. C. Chen, S. F. Lee, Y. Liou, J. H. Hsu, and Y. D. Yao

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 233103 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3151859 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 8 June 2009

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We studied nanoscale elliptical ring shaped NiFe/Cu/NiFe trilayer pseudo-spin-valve structures. The magnetization reversal processes showed simultaneous-reversal single-step transition or double-step transition involving flux closure states. For various aspect ratios (short axis to long axis) and linewidths, transition between single-step and double-step magnetization reversals was measured to form a phase diagram. When the linewidth was reduced, edge roughness became important. Simulations of the magnetization reversal behavior agreed qualitatively with our results.
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75.60.Jk Magnetization reversal mechanisms
85.75.-d Magnetoelectronics; spintronics: devices exploiting spin polarized transport or integrated magnetic fields
75.70.Cn Magnetic properties of interfaces (multilayers, superlattices, heterostructures)
75.30.Kz Magnetic phase boundaries (including classical and quantum magnetic transitions, metamagnetism, etc.)

Site preference of Re in NiAl and valence band structure of NiAl containing Re: First-principles study and photoelectron spectrum

H. Wei (韦华), J. J. Liang (梁静静), B. Z. Sun (孙本哲), Q. Zheng (郑启), X. F. Sun (孙晓峰), P. Peng (彭平), X. Yao, and M. S. Dargusch

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 233104 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3152267 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 8 June 2009

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The site preference of Re in NiAl was studied using first-principles calculations. The calculation of formation energies of the NiAl alloys indicated the site preference of Re on the Ni sites. The valence band structures of the NiAl alloys were investigated by photoelectron spectroscopy. The valence band spectra of the NiAl with Re shifted away from the Fermi energy level so that the Ni d-band centroid moved to a higher energy by 0.25 eV as Re was added. Such a shift could be attributed to the Ni-Re interaction, which was supported by the photoelectron spectroscopy measurement.
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71.20.Be Transition metals and alloys
71.15.-m Methods of electronic structure calculations
79.60.-i Photoemission and photoelectron spectra

Charging and discharging of graphene in ambient conditions studied with scanning probe microscopy

A. Verdaguer, M. Cardellach, J. J. Segura, G. M. Sacha, J. Moser, M. Zdrojek, A. Bachtold, and J. Fraxedas

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 233105 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3149770 (3 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 9 June 2009

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By means of scanning probe microscopy we are able to inject charges in isolated graphene sheets deposited on SiO2/Si wafers and characterize the discharge induced by water in controlled ambient conditions. Contact potential differences between the graphene surface and the probe tip, measured by Kelvin probe microscopy, show a linear relationship with the tip bias during charge injection. The discharge depends on relative humidity and decays exponentially with time constants of the order of tens of minutes. We propose that graphene discharges through the water film adsorbed on the SiO2 surface.
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68.43.-h Chemisorption/physisorption: adsorbates on surfaces
68.15.+e Liquid thin films
68.37.-d Microscopy of surfaces, interfaces, and thin films
81.05.ub Fullerenes and related materials

Multilevel resistive switching with ionic and metallic filaments

Ming Liu, Z. Abid, Wei Wang, Xiaoli He, Qi Liu, and Weihua Guan

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 233106 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3151822 (3 pages) | Cited 30 times

Online Publication Date: 9 June 2009

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The resistive random access memory (ReRAM) device with three distinguishable resistance states is fabricated by doping Cu into a portion of the ZrO2 oxide layer of the Ti/ZrO2/n+-Si structure. The temperature-dependent measurement results demonstrate that filaments due to ionic trap-controlled space charge limited current conduction and metallic bridge are formed at different voltages. The formation and rupture of these different conducting filamentary paths in parallel are suggested to be responsible for the multilevel switching with the large resistance ratio, which can be used to establish a reliable multilevel ReRAM solution with variation tolerance.
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84.30.Sk Pulse and digital circuits

The stabilities of boron nitride nanoribbons with different hydrogen-terminated edges

Yi Ding, Yanli Wang, and Jun Ni

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 233107 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3152767 (3 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 9 June 2009

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We have investigated the stabilities of boron nitride nanoribbons with different hydrogen-terminated edges by first principles calculations. Five kinds of the stable edges are determined for the zigzag boron nitride nanoribbons (ZBNNRs). While for the armchair boron nitride nanoribbons (ABNNRs), there are three kinds of the stable edges. ZBNNRs under hydrogen rich environment are found to be ferromagnetic metals, while ABNNRs are nonmagnetic semiconductors regardless of the hydrogen content.
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61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
71.15.Mb Density functional theory, local density approximation, gradient and other corrections

Size-dependent effective Young’s modulus of silicon nitride cantilevers

Khashayar Babaei Gavan, Hidde J. R. Westra, Emile W. J. M. van der Drift, Warner J. Venstra, and Herre S. J. van der Zant

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 233108 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3152772 (3 pages) | Cited 19 times

Online Publication Date: 9 June 2009

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The effective Young’s modulus of silicon nitride cantilevers is determined for thicknesses in the range of 20–684 nm by measuring resonance frequencies from thermal noise spectra. A significant deviation from the bulk value is observed for cantilevers thinner than 150 nm. To explain the observations we have compared the thickness dependence of the effective Young’s modulus for the first and second flexural resonance mode and measured the static curvature profiles of the cantilevers. We conclude that surface stress cannot explain the observed behavior. A surface elasticity model fits the experimental data consistently.
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81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity, stress-strain relations
62.20.de Elastic moduli
46.25.-y Static elasticity
62.20.F- Deformation and plasticity
81.40.Lm Deformation, plasticity, and creep

Magnetocaloric properties of nanocrystalline La0.125Ca0.875MnO3

Anis Biswas, Tapas Samanta, S. Banerjee, and I. Das

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 233109 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3152785 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 9 June 2009

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Some recent experimental studies show the invisibility of antiferromagnetic transition in the cases of manganites when their particle size is reduced to nanometer scale. In complete contrast to these cases, we have observed the signature of antiferromagnetic transition in the magnetocaloric properties of nanocrystalline La0.125Ca0.875MnO3 of average particle sizes 70 and 60 nm similar to its polycrystalline bulk form. The system exhibits inverse magnetocaloric effect in its polycrystalline and nanocrystalline forms. An extra ferromagnetic phase is stabilized at low temperature for the sample with particle size ∼ 60 nm.
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75.30.Sg Magnetocaloric effect, magnetic cooling
75.30.Kz Magnetic phase boundaries (including classical and quantum magnetic transitions, metamagnetism, etc.)
61.46.Hk Nanocrystals
75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems; nanocrystalline materials
81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials

High dielectric loss and its monotonic dependence of conducting-dominated multiwalled carbon nanotubes/silica nanocomposite on temperature ranging from 373 to 873 K in X-band

Wei-Li Song, Mao-Sheng Cao, Zhi-Ling Hou, Xiao-Yong Fang, Xiao-Ling Shi, and Jie Yuan

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 233110 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3152764 (3 pages) | Cited 26 times

Online Publication Date: 10 June 2009

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The dielectric properties of multiwalled carbon nanotubes/silica (MWNTs/SiO2) nanocomposite with 10 wt % MWNTs are investigated in the temperature range of 373–873 K at frequencies between 8.2 and 12.4 GHz (X-band). MWNTs/SiO2 exhibits a high dielectric loss and a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) of dielectric effect that complex permittivity increases monotonically with increasing temperature. The PTC effect on the dielectric constant is ascribed to the decreased relaxation time of interface charge polarization, and the PTC effect on the dielectric loss is mainly attributed to the increasing electrical conductivity. The loss tangent strongly supports the dominating contribution of conductance to the dielectric loss.
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77.22.Gm Dielectric loss and relaxation
77.22.Ch Permittivity (dielectric function)
81.07.-b Nanoscale materials and structures: fabrication and characterization
81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization
73.63.Fg Nanotubes

Charge and spin dynamics in VO2 nanorods

Kyu Won Lee, Hyocheon Kweon, Jitae Park, and Cheol Eui Lee

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 233111 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3152780 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 10 June 2009

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Electrical conductivity and photoconductivity measurements were carried out on vanadium dioxide (VO2) nanorods prepared by the hydrothermal treatment of vanadium pentoxide gels. While the structural properties of the nanorods resembled those of the Cr-doped VO2, the charge and spin dynamics appears to resemble those of the Nb-doped VO2. The magnetic and (photo)electrical properties of the nanorods can be understood in terms of localization of itinerant electrons giving rise to a spin-polarized (S = 3/2) V4+ pair, dominant at higher temperatures, or to a (S = 1) V3+ ion out of a V4+ ion pair, dominant at lower temperatures.
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73.63.-b Electronic transport in nanoscale materials and structures
72.25.-b Spin polarized transport
75.75.-c Magnetic properties of nanostructures
75.40.Gb Dynamic properties (dynamic susceptibility, spin waves, spin diffusion, dynamic scaling, etc.)
81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
72.40.+w Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects

Microwave properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes films below percolation threshold

Chinmay Darne, Leiming Xie, Wanda Zagozdzon-Wosik, Howard K. Schmidt, and Jarek Wosik

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 233112 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3153505 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 10 June 2009

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A film residue obtained by evaporating surfactant-stabilized single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) suspension was characterized at 12 GHz using a scanning-sample dielectric resonator technique. Resonant frequency and quality factor changes were measured and cavity perturbation method was used to calculate the SWNT complex permittivity. The effective permittivity of the SWNT was determined as (3516-j316.5), which provided an average dielectric constant and conductivity for a single SWNT to be 8.1×105 and 8.4×106 S/m, respectively. Microwave induced losses originated only from the electric field, not from the magnetic field, thus indicating an absence of direct electrical contact between nanotubes and a below percolation-limit configuration.
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61.48.De Structure of carbon nanotubes, boron nanotubes, and other related systems
77.22.Ch Permittivity (dielectric function)
77.84.Nh Liquids, emulsions, and suspensions; liquid crystals
82.70.Kj Emulsions and suspensions
84.40.-x Radiowave and microwave (including millimeter wave) technology
73.63.Fg Nanotubes

Improving emission enhancement in surface plasmon coupling with an InGaN/GaN quantum well by inserting a dielectric layer of low refractive index between metal and semiconductor

Yen-Cheng Lu, Yung-Sheng Chen, Fu-Ji Tsai, Jyh-Yang Wang, Cheng-Hung Lin, Cheng-Yen Chen, Yean-Woei Kiang, and C. C. Yang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 233113 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3153506 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 10 June 2009

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The improved emission enhancement in surface plasmon polariton (SPP) coupling with an InGaN/GaN quantum well (QW) by inserting a SiO2 layer of lower refractive index between the deposited Ag and GaN layers is experimentally and numerically demonstrated. The inserted SiO2 layer leads to reduced SPP dissipation rate, increased evanescent field intensity beyond a certain depth in GaN, and decreased SPP density of state. The combination of these factors can result in further emission enhancement of QW through SPP coupling. For light-emitting diode application, the elongated evanescent field coverage can release the constraint of thin p-type GaN for effective SPP coupling. More importantly, the reduced SPP dissipation can result in more effective emission in such an SPP-QW coupling mechanism.
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73.21.Fg Quantum wells
73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)
77.55.-g Dielectric thin films
85.60.Jb Light-emitting devices

Effect of mechanical load on the shuttling operation of molecular muscles

Seungjun Lee and Wei Lu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 233114 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3153509 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 10 June 2009

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We use molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the effect of mechanical force on stimulus-induced deformation of rotaxane-based artificial molecular muscles. The study shows that a small external force slows down the shuttling motion and leads to longer actuation time for a muscle to reach its full extension. Further increase in the force can significantly reduce the traveling distance of the ring, leading to reduced strain output. A force larger than 28 pN can completely suppress the shuttling motion, suggesting a limit of force output of molecular muscles.
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87.19.R- Mechanical and electrical properties of tissues and organs
87.19.Ff Muscles
87.10.Tf Molecular dynamics simulation

Metal-oxide interfaces at the nanoscale

Guangwen Zhou

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 233115 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3154546 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 10 June 2009

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In contrast to the 6×7 spacing registry that yields a minimum coincidence misfit, we find that the nanoscale Cu2O–Cu interface formed during initial oxidation of Cu(111) surfaces adopts a 5×6 coincidence site lattice that is accommodated by an increased lattice misfit strain. A simple analysis on the equilibrium elastic strain in epitaxial oxide nanoislands reveals a previously unnoticed correlation between the interface structure and surface stresses at the nanoscale.
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81.16.Pr Micro- and nano-oxidation
68.35.Ct Interface structure and roughness
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
81.65.Mq Oxidation
81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity, stress-strain relations
68.35.Gy Mechanical properties; surface strains

Crystal and electronic structure of lithiated nanosized rutile TiO2 by electron diffraction and electron energy-loss spectroscopy

C. M. Wang, Z. G. Yang, S. Thevuthasan, J. Liu, D. R. Baer, D. Choi, D. H. Wang, J. G. Zhang, L. V. Saraf, and Z. M. Nie

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 233116 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3152783 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 11 June 2009

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The crystal and electronic structure of the lithiated nanosized rutile TiO2 were studied using electron diffraction and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) in a transmission electron microscopy. EELS reveals the Li K-edge at the energy-loss position of ∼ 61 eV. After lithiation, the t2g-eg crystal-field splitting on both Ti L2,3-edge and O K-edge decreases, the O K-edge shifts toward a higher energy-loss position and the separation between the pre-edge peak and main peak on the O K-edge decreases, suggesting that the lithiation of rutile TiO2 was accompanied by the reduction in Ti ion, indicating a charge transfer from Li to Ti.
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61.46.Df Structure of nanocrystals and nanoparticles ("colloidal" quantum dots but not gate-isolated embedded quantum dots)
81.07.-b Nanoscale materials and structures: fabrication and characterization
71.20.Ps Other inorganic compounds
71.70.Ch Crystal and ligand fields
79.20.Uv Electron energy loss spectroscopy

Optically transparent nanofiber sheets by deposition of transparent materials: A concept for a roll-to-roll processing

Masaya Nogi (能木雅也) and Hiroyuki Yano (矢野浩之)

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 233117 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3154547 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 12 June 2009

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Deposition of transparent materials on cellulose nanofiber sheets enhanced the transparency of nanofiber sheets. The coated nanofiber sheets exhibited high transparency regardless of the wide distribution of refractive indexes of the coated resins, and the loss of transparency compared with the theoretical values was less than 2.5%. The low coefficient of thermal expansion of the nanofiber sheets (8.5 ppm/K) was maintained after the coating. The continuous coating of functional transparent materials on the nanofiber sheets is a promising approach toward accomplishing a simple roll-to-roll manufacturing process.
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81.07.-b Nanoscale materials and structures: fabrication and characterization
81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
81.15.-z Methods of deposition of films and coatings; film growth and epitaxy
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)
65.40.De Thermal expansion; thermomechanical effects

Infrared emission from tunneling electrons: The end of the rainbow in scanning tunneling microscopy

Michael G. Boyle, J. Mitra, and P. Dawson

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 233118 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3154563 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 12 June 2009

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Electromagnetic radiation originating with localized surface plasmons in the metal-tip/metal-sample nanocavity of a scanning tunneling microscope is demonstrated to extend to a wavelength λ of at least 1.7 μm. Progressive spectral extension beyond λ ∼ 1.0 μm occurs for increasing tip radius above ∼ 15 nm, reaching λ ∼ 1.7 μm for tip radius ∼ 100 nm; these observations are corroborated by use of a simple physical model that relates the discrete plasmon mode frequencies to the tip radius. This spectral extension opens up a new regime for scanning tunneling microscope-based optical spectroscopy.
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78.67.-n Optical properties of low-dimensional, mesoscopic, and nanoscale materials and structures
78.55.Hx Other solid inorganic materials
07.79.Cz Scanning tunneling microscopes
73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)
73.22.Lp Collective excitations
78.68.+m Optical properties of surfaces

Orientation dependent nonlinear optical effects in ZnSe nanowires

T. L. Spencer, R. Cisek, V. Barzda, U. Philipose, H. E. Ruda, and A. Shik

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 233119 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3155187 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 12 June 2009

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Three nonlinear optical phenomena, two-photon induced luminescence, second-harmonic generation, and third-harmonic generation, were studied experimentally in ZnSe nanowires. All three effects demonstrate a strong dependence on the orientation of linearly polarized excitation, being maximal for the polarization parallel to the nanowire axis. The phenomenon is caused by the anisotropic nanowire depolarization due to the difference in dielectric constants between the nanowires and the environment and has different amplitude for nanowires embedded in different dielectrics. The amplitude depends also on nanowire bending and nonuniformity.
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78.67.Lt Quantum wires
81.07.Vb Quantum wires
68.65.La Quantum wires (patterned in quantum wells)
42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation
42.70.Nq Other nonlinear optical materials; photorefractive and semiconductor materials
77.22.Ch Permittivity (dielectric function)
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