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29 Jun 2009

Volume 94, Issue 26, Articles (26xxxx)

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 263501 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3136905 (3 pages)

Changxin Chen, Wei Zhang, Eric Siu-Wai Kong, and Yafei Zhang
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Plasmon-enhanced magneto-optical activity in ferromagnetic membranes

J. B. González-Díaz, J. M. García-Martín, A. García-Martín, D. Navas, A. Asenjo, M. Vázquez, M. Hernández-Vélez, and G. Armelles

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 263101 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3167297 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 30 June 2009

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Experimental and theoretical evidence of plasmon-enhanced Kerr rotation in purely ferromagnetic membranes with sufficiently small dimensions to be out of extraordinary optical transmission conditions (45 nm pore diameter, 90nm lattice constant), is reported in this work. It is shown that the spectral location of the enhanced Kerr rotation region varies as the refractive index of the material inside the pore is modified. A similar behavior is obtained if the pore radius changes while keeping the pore concentration unchanged. Those are clear signatures indicating that localized surface plasmon resonances propagating along the pores govern the magneto-optical response of the membrane.
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78.20.Ls Magneto-optical effects
78.20.Ek Optical activity
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)
75.50.Cc Other ferromagnetic metals and alloys
73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)
82.45.Mp Thin layers, films, monolayers, membranes

Thiol-based self-assembly nanostructures in promoting interfacial adhesion for copper-epoxy joint

Cell K. Y. Wong, Matthew M. F. Yuen, and Bing Xu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 263102 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3167358 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 30 June 2009

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Adhesion promotion between copper-epoxy interfaces without roughening the copper substrates is critical for new generation electronic devices. This paper demonstrates a pronounced adhesion promotion of a copper-epoxy joint from 4.8 J m−2 for the untreated samples to 159 J m−2 for the interfaces prepared with a thiol-based self-assembly molecular layer (SAM). The 33-fold improvement was related to the presence of nanostructures with the SAM treatment. The adhesion enhancement is attributed to both chemical bonding between copper and epoxy and the formation of nanosized features on copper substrates. The thiol promoter enhances the interfacial adhesion with no roughening of the substrates.
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68.35.Np Adhesion
81.40.Np Fatigue, corrosion fatigue, embrittlement, cracking, fracture, and failure
62.20.mm Fracture
68.35.Gy Mechanical properties; surface strains
62.23.-c Structural classes of nanoscale systems

Morphology in semimagnetic Pb1−xMnxSe nanocrystals: Thermal annealing effects

N. O. Dantas, R. S. Silva, F. Pelegrini, and G. E. Marques

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 263103 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3159842 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 30 June 2009

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Samples of Pb1−xMnxSe nanocrystals were synthesized by fusion method and characterized by optical absorption, atomic force microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques. Effects of Mn2+ ion incorporation into PbSe nanocrystals are manifested by well resolved optical spectra for different concentrations of Mn. The EPR spectra of as grown and thermal annealed Pb1−xMnxSe samples show that the magnetic properties of these Mn-doped nanocrystals can be tuned by thermal processes using different annealing times.
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81.40.Ef Cold working, work hardening; annealing, post-deformation annealing, quenching, tempering recovery, and crystallization
75.50.Pp Magnetic semiconductors
78.67.Bf Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, and nanoclusters
76.30.-v Electron paramagnetic resonance and relaxation
81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
81.05.Hd Other semiconductors
75.30.Et Exchange and superexchange interactions

Coherent detection of nonlinear nanomechanical motion using a stroboscopic downconversion technique

Quirin P. Unterreithmeier, Stephan Manus, and Jörg P. Kotthaus

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 263104 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3155164 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 30 June 2009

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A method is presented that overcomes bandwidth limitations arising in a fiber-optic setup transducing mechanical motion. The reflected light from a sample incorporating a nanomechanical resonator is analyzed. Modulating the incoming laser intensity at a suitably chosen frequency, the mechanically induced oscillation of the reflected light is coherently downconverted to a frequency within the detection bandwidth. Additionally, based on the mechanical nonlinear response, the optical signal can be quantitatively converted into displacement, yielding a sensitivity of 7 pm/math at optical power levels of 20 μW. We detect and image mechanical modes up to the seventh harmonic of the fundamental mode at 7.7 MHz.
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42.81.Pa Sensors, gyros
07.60.Vg Fiber-optic instruments
06.30.Bp Spatial dimensions (e.g., position, lengths, volume, angles, and displacements)

The influence of temperature and electric field on field emission energy distribution of an individual single-wall carbon nanotube

Ping Wu, N. Y. Huang, S. Z. Deng, S. D. Liang, Jun Chen, and N. S. Xu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 263105 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3164813 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 30 June 2009

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The influence of temperature and electric field on field emission energy distribution (FEED) is studied. It is found that higher temperature energizes more higher-energy electrons. FEED peaks shift toward low energy linearly with the increase in applied voltage because of the electric field penetration. The theoretic current-voltage characteristic is fitted to the experimental data by the density of states, field enhancement factor, and temperature, from which the average energy of emitted electrons and then Fermi level of the carbon nanotube (CNT) is ascertained. This research confirms that the electric field competes with temperature and provides a method to ascertain the Fermi level of CNT.
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79.70.+q Field emission, ionization, evaporation, and desorption
71.20.Tx Fullerenes and related materials; intercalation compounds

Electronic transport property of single-crystalline hexagonal tungsten trioxide nanowires

S. J. Wang, W. J. Lu, G. Cheng, K. Cheng, X. H. Jiang, and Z. L. Du

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 263106 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3158953 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 30 June 2009

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Hexagonal WO3 nanowires were prepared on Si substrate by thermal evaporation of WO3 powder. A single WO3 nanowire was assembled on a pair of Pt electrodes by electric field assembly. The electrical transport behavior indicates that the back-to-back SBs structure is formed, which show nonlinear and asymmetric I-V properties. Through measurement of the I-V curve and the calculation of barrier height difference under illumination, it is found that the electrical asymmetry results from the asymmetric barrier height of the two Schottky barriers, which are dominated by the surface states of nanowire caused by O2 adsorption in the electric assembling process.
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73.40.Ns Metal-nonmetal contacts
81.07.-b Nanoscale materials and structures: fabrication and characterization
81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
61.46.Km Structure of nanowires and nanorods (long, free or loosely attached, quantum wires and quantum rods, but not gate-isolated embedded quantum wires)
68.43.Mn Adsorption kinetics
73.30.+y Surface double layers, Schottky barriers, and work functions

A theoretical study on thermoelectric properties of graphene nanoribbons

Yijian Ouyang and Jing Guo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 263107 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3171933 (3 pages) | Cited 37 times

Online Publication Date: 30 June 2009

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We investigate the thermoelectric properties of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) by solving atomistic electron and phonon transport equations in the nonequilibrium Green’s function formalism. The dependence of thermopower on temperature and chemical potential is compared to that of graphene, which shows the important role of quasi-one-dimensional geometry in determining the thermoelectric properties of a GNR. The edge roughness and lattice vacancy are found to increase the thermopower but decrease the thermoelectric ZT factor because the decrease in the electronic conductance outweighs the decrease in the thermal conductance and the increase in the thermopower.
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71.15.-m Methods of electronic structure calculations
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
73.63.Bd Nanocrystalline materials
72.20.Pa Thermoelectric and thermomagnetic effects
63.22.-m Phonons or vibrational states in low-dimensional structures and nanoscale materials
61.72.jd Vacancies

Single InAs quantum dot arrays and directed self-organization on patterned GaAs (311)B substrates

E. Selçuk, A. Yu. Silov, and R. Nötzel

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 263108 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3167813 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 1 July 2009

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Formation of laterally ordered single InAs quantum dot (QD) arrays by self-organized anisotropic strain engineering of InGaAs/GaAs superlattice templates on GaAs (311)B by molecular beam epitaxy is achieved through optimization of growth temperature, InAs amount, and annealing. Directed self-organization of these QD arrays is accomplished by coarse substrate patterns providing absolute QD position control over large areas. Due to the absence of one-to-one pattern definition the site-controlled QD arrays exhibit excellent optical properties revealed by resolution limited (80 μeV) linewidth of the low-temperature photoluminescence from individual QDs.
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68.65.Cd Superlattices
68.65.Hb Quantum dots (patterned in quantum wells)
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments
81.15.Hi Molecular, atomic, ion, and chemical beam epitaxy
78.55.Cr III-V semiconductors
81.05.Ea III-V semiconductors
78.67.Hc Quantum dots

Replicated photonic crystals by atomic layer deposition within holographically defined polymer templates

E. Graugnard, O. M. Roche, S. N. Dunham, J. S. King, D. N. Sharp, R. G. Denning, A. J. Turberfield, and C. J. Summers

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 263109 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3159834 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 1 July 2009

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We report the replication of holographically defined photonic crystals using multistage atomic layer deposition. Low- and high-temperature atomic layer depositions were combined with selective etching to deposit and remove multiple conformal thin films within three-dimensional polymer templates. Using intermediate Al2O3 inverse replicas, temperature-sensitive SU-8 photonic crystal templates were faithfully replicated with TiO2 and GaP, greatly increasing the dielectric contrasts of the photonic crystals. Optical measurements are in good agreement with the calculated band structures.
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42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
81.15.-z Methods of deposition of films and coatings; film growth and epitaxy
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-enhanced CVD, MOCVD, ALD, etc.)
42.70.Jk Polymers and organics

Hybrid core-multishell nanowire forests for electrical connector applications

Rehan Kapadia, Hyunhyub Ko, Yu-Lun Chueh, Johnny C. Ho, Toshitake Takahashi, Zhenxing Zhang, and Ali Javey

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 263110 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3148365 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 1 July 2009

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Electrical connectors based on hybrid core-multishell nanowire forests that require low engagement forces are demonstrated. The physical binding and electrical connectivity of the nanowire electrical connectors arise from the van der Waals interactions between the conductive metallic shells of the engaged nanowire forests. Specifically, the nanofibrillar structure of the connectors causes an amplification of the contact area between the interpenetrating nanowire arrays, resulting in strong adhesion with relatively low interfacial resistance. The nanowire electrical connectors may enable the exploration of a wide range of applications involving reversible assembly of micro- and macroscale components with built-in electrical interfacing.
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84.32.Dd Connectors, relays, and switches
73.40.Ns Metal-nonmetal contacts
73.63.Nm Quantum wires

Doping-dependent nanofaceting on silicon nanowire surfaces

Fang Li, Peter D. Nellist, and David J. H. Cockayne

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 263111 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3155434 (3 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 1 July 2009

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Silicon nanowires with axially varying n- and p-doping were grown by the vapor-liquid-solid approach using gold as the catalyst. The nanowire sidewalls exhibit periodic nanofaceting, which is found to be dopant-dependent. It is shown that the nanofaceting occurs during the enhanced sidewall growth that arises when the diborane dopant gas is introduced. The nanowires are axially oriented along 〈111〉, and the crystallographic planes on which the nanofaceting occurs are determined to be {111} and {100}.
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61.72.uf Ge and Si
81.07.-b Nanoscale materials and structures: fabrication and characterization
82.65.+r Surface and interface chemistry; heterogeneous catalysis at surfaces
61.46.Km Structure of nanowires and nanorods (long, free or loosely attached, quantum wires and quantum rods, but not gate-isolated embedded quantum wires)

Thermal stability of Cu and Fe nitrides and their applications for writing locally spin valves

C. Navío, J. Alvarez, M. J. Capitan, J. Camarero, and R. Miranda

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 263112 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3159630 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 2 July 2009

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We have studied the thermal stability of the Cu and Fe nitrides. These results show that a nanometer-thick Cu nitride film decomposes at the Fe4N growth temperature. Considering this, we propose for their use in spintronics, the room temperature growth of a nonmagnetic (FeN)/semiconducting (Cu3N) epitaxial nitride bilayer that transforms into a ferromagnetic (Fe4N)/metallic (Cu) one by mild thermal annealing at 700 K. This process can be employed to locally decompose by laser (or ion) irradiation FeN/Cu3N/Fe4N) trilayers, giving rise to an array of lithographically defined Fe4N/Cu/Fe4N spin valves surrounded by metal/semiconductor spacers.
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85.75.-d Magnetoelectronics; spintronics: devices exploiting spin polarized transport or integrated magnetic fields
61.82.Rx Nanocrystalline materials
65.80.-g Thermal properties of small particles, nanocrystals, nanotubes, and other related systems
75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems; nanocrystalline materials
73.40.Ns Metal-nonmetal contacts
75.70.Cn Magnetic properties of interfaces (multilayers, superlattices, heterostructures)
75.50.Dd Nonmetallic ferromagnetic materials
61.80.Ba Ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation effects (including laser radiation)
68.55.ag Semiconductors
68.60.Dv Thermal stability; thermal effects

Electron inelastic mean free paths for carbon nanotubes from optical data

Ioanna Kyriakou, Dimitris Emfietzoglou, Rafael Garcia-Molina, Isabel Abril, and Kostas Kostarelos

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 263113 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3167819 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 2 July 2009

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We present a simple model dielectric response function for both bulk and individual carbon nanotubes based on a parameterization of experimental optical data and analytic dispersion relations that account for dimensionality and linewidth broadening. The model is used to calculate electron inelastic mean free paths over a broad energy range of interest to various applications.
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73.61.Wp Fullerenes and related materials
77.22.Ch Permittivity (dielectric function)
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)
61.48.De Structure of carbon nanotubes, boron nanotubes, and other related systems
78.66.Tr Fullerenes and related materials
72.20.Jv Charge carriers: generation, recombination, lifetime, and trapping

Plasmonic optical antennas on dielectric gratings with high field enhancement for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Jingjing Li, David Fattal, and Zhiyong Li

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 263114 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3168498 (3 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 2 July 2009

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We present a rational approach toward amplifying the local electromagnetic (EM) field for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy applications by integrating dielectric gratings capable of guided mode resonance with plasmonic optical antennas. The optical antennas are placed periodically at certain positions on the surface of a two-dimensional (2D) dielectric grating. At resonance, the grating provides a spatially confined, enhanced EM field that can further enhance the strong field of the localized surface plasmon on the nanoantenna. The numerical simulations demonstrate a cascaded enhancement from the optical antenna and the dielectric grating when the two are weakly coupled.
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73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)
42.79.Dj Gratings
78.66.Bz Metals and metallic alloys
78.30.-j Infrared and Raman spectra
73.22.Lp Collective excitations

Surface intercalation of gold underneath a graphene monolayer on SiC(0001) studied by scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy

B. Premlal, M. Cranney, F. Vonau, D. Aubel, D. Casterman, M. M. De Souza, and L. Simon

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 263115 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3168502 (3 pages) | Cited 27 times

Online Publication Date: 2 July 2009

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The effects of gold deposition on monolayer graphene (MG) epitaxied on SiC (0001) substrate are examined via scanning tunneling microscopy and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS). Two types of surfaces with distinctive topography are demonstrated: (i) intercalated gold clusters having no interaction with graphene and (ii) 13×13-G reconstruction attributed to a Moiré pattern arising from the intercalation of 1 ML of gold between a MG and the underlying SiC substrate. This surface also displays a 2math×2mathR30-Au (111) surface reconstruction interpreted as surface corrugation. The STS curve shows a possible hole-doping effect in the latter case.
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68.37.Ef Scanning tunneling microscopy (including chemistry induced with STM)
68.35.bg Semiconductors

Seeing structures and measuring properties with transmission electron microscopy images: A simple combination to study size effects in nanoparticle systems

Patricia Donnadieu, Sorin Lazar, Gianluigi A. Botton, Isabelle Pignot-Paintrand, Michael Reynolds, and Serge Perez

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 263116 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3168525 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 2 July 2009

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We report on a method to measure the mean inner potential (V0) using transmission electron microscopy. It is based on phase retrieval from a focus series and has allowed to measure V0 as a function of the size for a system of gold nanoparticles. It comes out that V0 increases for particles below 2 nm. The focus series being carried out in conditions close to the high-resolution ones, structural information can be directly obtained. The high-resolution images have revealed that significant structural change occurs below the 2 nm size, which should be related to the V0 increase.
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61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
81.30.Hd Constant-composition solid-solid phase transformations: polymorphic, massive, and order-disorder
64.70.kd Metals and alloys

Nd-doped silicon nanowires with room temperature ferromagnetism and infrared photoemission

Wei-Fan Lee, Chung-Yang Lee, Mei-Lin Ho, Chi-Te Huang, Chen-Ho Lai, Ho-Yen Hsieh, Pi-Tai Chou, and Lih-Juann Chen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 263117 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3168550 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 2 July 2009

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Nd-doped silicon nanowires have been synthesized by a vapor transport and condensation method. The incorporation of neodymium within silicon nanowires was achieved by using NdCl3⋅6H2O powder as the doping source. Ferromagnetism and infrared photoluminescence at room temperature were discovered. The significant variation and versatility of the properties exhibited by the Nd-doped silicon nanowires are promising for exploitation for the advanced silicon-based devices.
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81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
81.07.-b Nanoscale materials and structures: fabrication and characterization
81.05.Cy Elemental semiconductors
78.55.Ap Elemental semiconductors
78.67.-n Optical properties of low-dimensional, mesoscopic, and nanoscale materials and structures
61.72.uf Ge and Si
75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects

Broadband moth-eye antireflection coatings fabricated by low-cost nanoimprinting

Q. Chen, G. Hubbard, P. A. Shields, C. Liu, D. W. E. Allsopp, W. N. Wang, and S. Abbott

Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 263118 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3171930 (3 pages) | Cited 48 times

Online Publication Date: 2 July 2009

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Subwavelength scale antireflection moth-eye structures in silicon were fabricated by a wafer-scale nanoimprint technique and demonstrated an average reflection of 1% in the spectral range from 400 to 1000 nm at normal incidence. An excellent antireflection property out to large incident angles is shown with the average reflection below 8% at 60°. Pyramid array gave an almost constant average reflection of about 10% for an incident angle up to 45° and concave-wall column array produced an approximately linear relation between the average reflection and the incident angles. The technique is promising for improving conversion efficiencies of silicon solar cells.
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42.79.Wc Optical coatings
81.16.Nd Micro- and nanolithography
84.60.Jt Photoelectric conversion
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