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21 Dec 2009

Volume 95, Issue 25, Articles (25xxxx)

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 251105 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3275666 (3 pages)

D. Stehr, C. M. Morris, D. Talbayev, M. Wagner, H. C. Kim, A. J. Taylor, H. Schneider, P. M. Petroff, and M. S. Sherwin
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Nanochargers: Energetic materials for energy storage

Michelle L. Pantoya and Emily M. Hunt

Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 253101 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3263721 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 21 December 2009

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Nanochargers are energetic materials consisting of fuel metal particles and metallic oxide particles that absorb and store energy up to an ignition threshold. Once ignited a controlled exothermic reaction ensues producing energy. Nanotechnology has spurred the understanding of unique nanoparticle combustion behaviors that enable creation of nanochargers with optimized heat capacity for storing energy. Although in the initial stages, these experiments demonstrate evidence of the nanocharger’s potential for energy storage and transfer.
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82.33.Vx Reactions in flames, combustion, and explosions
65.40.Ba Heat capacity

A compact, high power, ultrafast laser mode-locked by carbon nanotubes

Z. Sun, A. G. Rozhin, F. Wang, T. Hasan, D. Popa, W. O’Neill, and A. C. Ferrari

Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 253102 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3275866 (3 pages) | Cited 27 times

Online Publication Date: 21 December 2009

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We report ultrafast highly chirped pulses from an erbium doped, nanotube-mode-locked fiber oscillator. We generate 1.6 W average power and 11 kW peak power by seeding a fiber amplifier. This paves the way to mode-locked all-fiber master oscillator amplifiers as economic and compact sources for high-power applications, such as micromachining and laser surgery.
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42.60.Fc Modulation, tuning, and mode locking
42.62.-b Laser applications
42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression
42.55.Wd Fiber lasers
85.35.Kt Nanotube devices

Thermophoretically driven carbon nanotube oscillators

V. R. Coluci, V. S. Timóteo, and D. S. Galvão

Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 253103 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3276546 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 22 December 2009

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The behavior of a nanodevice based upon double-walled carbon nanotube oscillators driven by periodically applied thermal gradients (7 and 17 K/nm) is investigated by numerical calculations and classical molecular dynamics simulations. Our results indicate that thermophoresis can be effective to initiate the oscillator and that suitable heat pulses may provide an appropriate way to tune its behavior. Sustained regular oscillatory as well as chaotic motions were observed for the systems investigated in this work.
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85.35.Kt Nanotube devices
84.30.Ng Oscillators, pulse generators, and function generators

Nuclear magnetic resonance-based study of ordered layering on the surface of alumina nanoparticles in water

Craig Gerardi, David Cory, Jacopo Buongiorno, Lin-Wen Hu, and Thomas McKrell

Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 253104 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3276551 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 22 December 2009

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Layering of water molecules on the surface of alumina nanoparticles in an alumina/water nanofluid is studied using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The data suggest that a thin ordered layer ( ∼ 1.4 nm) of water molecules surrounds each nanoparticle. This ordered layer increases the nanoparticle effective volumetric fraction; however, the nanofluid thermal conductivity appears to be unaffected by this layer, and in good agreement with Maxwell’s effective medium theory. Furthermore, the NMR data suggest that the nanoparticles do not enhance, but rather stifle micromixing in the base fluid.
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76.60.-k Nuclear magnetic resonance and relaxation
66.25.+g Thermal conduction in nonmetallic liquids
64.75.Ef Mixing

The structure of the polar Sn-doped indium oxide (001) surface

Erie H. Morales and Ulrike Diebold

Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 253105 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3275716 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 22 December 2009

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Epitaxial Sn-doped In2O3 (ITO) thin films were grown using oxygen plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on (001) oriented Yttria Stabilized Zirconia. Low-energy-electron-diffraction shows that ITO(001) surface is oxygen terminated and has a c(1×1)-structure with p4g symmetry. Atomically-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy suggests that surface oxygen atoms undergo dimerization; possible adsorption sites are identified. The density of surface oxygen depends on the Sn concentration and it is suggested that both, dimerization and doping stabilize the polar ITO(001) surface.
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68.35.bg Semiconductors
68.55.ag Semiconductors
81.15.Hi Molecular, atomic, ion, and chemical beam epitaxy
82.30.Nr Association, addition, insertion, cluster formation
68.43.Mn Adsorption kinetics
82.65.+r Surface and interface chemistry; heterogeneous catalysis at surfaces

An energetic stability predictor of hydrogen-terminated Si nanostructures

Hu Xu, X. B. Yang, C. S. Guo, and R. Q. Zhang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 253106 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3276554 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 23 December 2009

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We present a linear relationship between the cohesive energies and the H/Si ratio for hydrogen-terminated Si semiconductor nanostructures based on our model analysis and first-principles calculations. The H/Si ratio is shown to be a universal predictor of the nanostructure’s energetic stability and allows easily searching of magic numbers in Si quantum dots. Our findings substantially improve the understanding of nanostructure stability and make practical the prediction of structural properties.
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61.46.Df Structure of nanocrystals and nanoparticles ("colloidal" quantum dots but not gate-isolated embedded quantum dots)
68.65.-k Low-dimensional, mesoscopic, nanoscale and other related systems: structure and nonelectronic properties

Crossbar heterojunction field effect transistors of CdSe:In nanowires and Si nanoribbons

Z. B. He, W. J. Zhang, Y. B. Tang, H. B. Wang, Y. L. Cao, H. S. Song, I. Bello, C. S. Lee, and S. T. Lee

Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 253107 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3275715 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 23 December 2009

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Crossbar heterojunction arrays of n-CdSe:In nanowires (NWs) and p-Si nanoribbons (NRs) were built by ac electrical field-directed assembly. The junctions showed significant rectifying characteristics. With the p-Si NRs as gates, the junctions function as junction field effect transistors (JFETs) with high stability and reproducibility in performance. A small variation in gate voltage from −2 to −1 V was demonstrated to manipulate the current in n-CdSe:In NW channels by a factor near 103. The JFETs also showed a subthreshold swing value (67 mV/dec) approaching the theoretical limit (60 mV/dec), suggesting the great application potentials of the junctions in integrated nanoelectronics.
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85.30.Tv Field effect devices
85.30.De Semiconductor-device characterization, design, and modeling

Electronic transport in monolayer graphene nanoribbons produced by chemical unzipping of carbon nanotubes

Alexander Sinitskii, Alexandra A. Fursina, Dmitry V. Kosynkin, Amanda L. Higginbotham, Douglas Natelson, and James M. Tour

Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 253108 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3276912 (3 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 23 December 2009

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We report on the structural and electrical properties of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) produced by the oxidative unzipping of carbon nanotubes. GNRs were reduced by hydrazine at 95 °C and further annealed in Ar/H2 at 900 °C; monolayer ribbons were selected for the fabrication of electronic devices. GNR devices on Si/SiO2 substrates exhibit an ambipolar electric field effect typical for graphene. The conductivity of monolayer GNRs ( ∼ 35 S/cm) and mobility of charge carriers (0.5–3 cm2/V s) are less than the conductivity and mobility of pristine graphene, which could be explained by oxidative damage caused by the harsh H2SO4/KMnO4 used to make GNRs. The resistance of GNR devices increases by about three orders of magnitude upon cooling from 300 to 20 K. The resistance/temperature data is consistent with the variable range hopping mechanism, which, along with the microscopy data, suggests that the GNRs have a nonuniform structure.
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73.63.Fg Nanotubes
61.48.De Structure of carbon nanotubes, boron nanotubes, and other related systems
85.35.Kt Nanotube devices
72.20.Ee Mobility edges; hopping transport
81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments
61.48.Gh Structure of graphene

Mid-IR plasmonic antennas on silicon-rich oxinitride absorbing substrates: Nonlinear scaling of resonance wavelengths with antenna length

T. Šikola, R. D. Kekatpure, E. S. Barnard, J. S. White, P. Van Dorpe, L. Břínek, O. Tomanec, J. Zlámal, D. Y. Lei, Y. Sonnefraud, S. A. Maier, J. Humlíček, and M. L. Brongersma

Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 253109 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3278593 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 23 December 2009

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We report on the resonant properties of platinum dipole antennas fabricated on a silicon-rich-oxinitride thin film that exhibits significant absorption in the mid-infrared of the electromagnetic spectrum (λ−1 ≈ 1100 cm−1). A nonlinear scaling between the resonant wavelength and the antenna length has been found and quantitatively confirmed by full-field electromagnetic simulations. The resonant wavelength increases linearly with antenna length for small lengths and tends to saturate for large ones (length >4 μm). This saturation effect is attributed to the coupling of a geometrical antenna resonance and an absorption resonance of the substrate material.
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78.30.Hv Other nonmetallic inorganics
68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology
84.40.Ba Antennas: theory, components and accessories
78.66.Nk Insulators
73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)

Self-ordering mechanism of nanocluster-chain on the functional vicinal surfaces

Jian-Feng Wan and W. Craig Carter

Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 253110 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3276067 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 23 December 2009

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An energy model of nanoclusters-chain self-organized on the functional vicinal surfaces is established to investigate the self-ordering processes, which provides a promising and challenging nanomaterial-design method by means of the energy minimum principle and entropy change principle. The cluster-chain structure can be predicted through controlling the linear coverage of nanoclusters (PM) and the step width (L). The different interactions including the steps and terraces will perform a positive influence on the self-ordering due to their long-range forces.
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61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
65.60.+a Thermal properties of amorphous solids and glasses: heat capacity, thermal expansion, etc.
61.48.-c Structure of fullerenes and related hollow and planar molecular structures
68.35.bg Semiconductors
68.43.-h Chemisorption/physisorption: adsorbates on surfaces
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