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28 Dec 2009

Volume 95, Issue 26, Articles (26xxxx)

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 261901 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3268436 (3 pages)

Weiqiang Wang, Richard Clark, Aiichiro Nakano, Rajiv K. Kalia, and Priya Vashishta
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Ultrasound holography for noninvasive imaging of buried defects and interfaces for advanced interconnect architectures

Gajendra Shekhawat, Arvind Srivastava, Shraddha Avasthy, and Vinayak Dravid

Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 263101 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3263716 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 28 December 2009

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Imaging high resolution subsurface defects nondestructively in advanced interconnect structures and devices is a challenge and no known metrology tools are available to identify such defects in a nondestructive way at nanometer level. Monitoring these defects necessitate the understanding of their growth mechanism of these interconnects as well as defect formation. We report here the application of scanning near field ultrasound holography by imaging buried defects in copper interconnects and low-K dielectric materials. Defects in these copper lines such as voids and delaminations appear as regions of dark contrast in ultrasound holography imaging due to large acoustic impedance mismatch at the voids. Identification of these buried defects in these interconnect architectures in a nondestructive way will open up unique opportunities in using this technique to detect subsurface defects and material imperfections.
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43.60.Sx
81.70.Cv Nondestructive testing: ultrasonic testing, photoacoustic testing
85.35.-p Nanoelectronic devices
85.40.Ls Metallization, contacts, interconnects; device isolation

Molecular beam epitaxy-grown Bi4Te3 nanowires

G. Wang, S. K. Lok, G. K. L. Wong, and I. K. Sou

Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 263102 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3276071 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 28 December 2009

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With Au nanoparticles as the catalyst, the formation of Bi4Te3 nanowires was achieved at an optimized substrate temperature of around 330 °C. We found two growth mechanisms for the nanowires: a self-assembled growth mode through islands as the seed and a vapor-solid-solid growth mode through the assistance of Au catalyst nanoparticles, the decisive factor for which was identified as the density of the Au nanoparticles.
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81.15.Hi Molecular, atomic, ion, and chemical beam epitaxy
68.55.ag Semiconductors
81.16.Dn Self-assembly
61.46.Df Structure of nanocrystals and nanoparticles ("colloidal" quantum dots but not gate-isolated embedded quantum dots)
82.65.+r Surface and interface chemistry; heterogeneous catalysis at surfaces

Magnetomotive drive and detection of clamped-clamped mechanical resonators in water

W. J. Venstra, H. J. R. Westra, K. Babaei Gavan, and H. S. J. van der Zant

Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 263103 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3275014 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2009

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We demonstrate magnetomotive drive and detection of doubly clamped string resonators in water. A compact 1.9 T permanent magnet is used to detect the fundamental and higher flexural modes of 200 μm long resonators. Good agreement is found between the magnetomotive measurements and optical measurements performed on the same resonator. The magnetomotive detection scheme can be used to simultaneously drive and detect multiple sensors or scanning probes in viscous fluids without alignment of detector beams.
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07.10.Cm Micromechanical devices and systems
85.85.+j Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and devices

Spectral shapes of surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering sensitive to the refractive index of media around single Ag nanoaggregates

Ken-ichi Yoshida, Tamitake Itoh, Vasudevanpillai Biju, Mitsuru Ishikawa, and Yukihiro Ozaki

Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 263104 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3276564 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2009

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We found large spectral changes in surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) with increasing refractive index of media around single Ag nanoaggregates. We analyzed relationship between the spectral changes in SERRS and those in plasma (plasmon) resonance based on the twofold electromagnetic (EM) enhancement theory. The analysis revealed that the changes in SERRS spectra are induced by changes in spectral shapes of twofold EM enhancement factors, which arise from coupling of plasma resonance with both incident and Raman scattering light.
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78.67.-n Optical properties of low-dimensional, mesoscopic, and nanoscale materials and structures
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)
78.30.Er Solid metals and alloys
73.22.Lp Collective excitations

Magnetism of amorphous carbon nanofibers

S. Ma, J. H. Xia, Vadali V. S. S. Srikanth, X. Sun, T. Staedler, X. Jiang, F. Yang, and Z. D. Zhang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 263105 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3272940 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 30 December 2009

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Amorphous carbon nanofibers (ACNFs) have been synthesized by a thermal chemical vapor deposition technique. The ACNFs grow as two branches perpendicular to {111} facets of a catalytic copper nanoparticle. The carbon nanofibers are composed of disordered localized nanofragments which in turn consist of several graphene layers. The ACNFs show a paramagnetic characteristics at 2, 5, and 10 K. The magnetic moments are suggested to originate from a large amount of defects in the graphene layers of the nanofragments.
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75.20.Ck Nonmetals
81.05.U- Carbon/carbon-based materials
81.07.-b Nanoscale materials and structures: fabrication and characterization
68.65.-k Low-dimensional, mesoscopic, nanoscale and other related systems: structure and nonelectronic properties
75.30.Cr Saturation moments and magnetic susceptibilities
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials

Enhanced spontaneous emission rate in annular plasmonic nanocavities

E. J. A. Kroekenstoel, E. Verhagen, R. J. Walters, L. Kuipers, and A. Polman

Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 263106 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3276566 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 31 December 2009

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The spontaneous emission rate of erbium ions is enhanced by coupling to localized plasmonic resonances in subwavelength annular apertures in a Au film. The Er3+ ions, embedded in SiO2, are selectively located inside the apertures. The annular apertures act as nanocavities, enhancing the local density of optical states at the Er emission wavelength of 1.54 μm when the cavities are tuned to that wavelength. We show that this leads to an eightfold increase of the photoluminescence intensity, in conjunction with a 2.4-fold enhancement of the spontaneous emission rate.
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73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)
61.72.up Other materials
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)
78.55.Hx Other solid inorganic materials
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology

Relation between size dispersion and line shape in quantum dot ensembles

V. V. Nikolaev and N. S. Averkiev

Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 263107 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3273029 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 31 December 2009

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We propose a method to model the density of optical transitions, absorption, and differential-absorption spectra of quantum dot ensembles. The developed approach combines physical straightforwardness of the conventional Gaussian-peak modeling with a more preside account of the influence of size dispersion on the line shape of quantum dots.
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73.63.Kv Quantum dots
81.05.Ea III-V semiconductors
78.20.Jq Electro-optical effects

Size-dependent induced magnetism in carbon-doped ZnO nanostructures

Hyunwook Kwak and James R. Chelikowsky

Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 263108 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3279156 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 31 December 2009

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We examine the role of quantum confinement on carbon doped ZnO nanocrystals and nanowires using first-principles real-space pseudopotential method. For these nanocrystals, we find carbon dopants become magnetic under confinement. Moreover, by examining dopant-dopant interactions in ZnO nanowires, we find the ferromagnetic exchange interactions to be strongly enhanced at the nanoscale. Our work offers strong theoretical evidence for nanoscale induced magnetism and direct exchange coupling interactions arising from “nonmagnetic dopants.”
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75.75.-c Magnetic properties of nanostructures
73.22.-f Electronic structure of nanoscale materials and related systems
71.15.Dx Computational methodology (Brillouin zone sampling, iterative diagonalization, pseudopotential construction)
75.50.Pp Magnetic semiconductors
75.50.Dd Nonmetallic ferromagnetic materials
75.30.Et Exchange and superexchange interactions

Irradiation damage in graphene on SiO2 probed by local mobility measurements

F. Giannazzo, S. Sonde, V. Raineri, and E. Rimini

Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 263109 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3280860 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 31 December 2009

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Using a method based on scanning capacitance spectroscopy, local measurements of the electron mean free path (l) and mobility (μ) have been carried out on single layers of graphene (SLG) mechanically exfoliated from highly oriented pyrolytic graphite and deposited on SiO2/Si. Lateral inhomogeneity of l and μ was found both on pristine and ion irradiated SLG with different C ion fluences (from 1013 to 1014 cm−2), with an increasing spread in the distribution of l and μ for larger fluences. Before irradiation, the spread was explained by the inhomogeneous distribution of charged impurities on SLG surface and/or at the interface with SiO2. After irradiation, lattice vacancies cause a local reduction of μ in the damaged regions.
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72.20.Jv Charge carriers: generation, recombination, lifetime, and trapping
61.82.Ms Insulators
61.72.jd Vacancies
72.20.Fr Low-field transport and mobility; piezoresistance
72.80.Rj Fullerenes and related materials
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