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31 Aug 2009

Volume 95, Issue 9, Articles (09xxxx)

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 091901 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3212896 (3 pages)

Noy Bassik, George M. Stern, and David H. Gracias
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Spatial control in the heterogeneous nucleation of water

Kripa K. Varanasi, Ming Hsu, Nitin Bhate, Wensha Yang, and Tao Deng

Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 094101 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3200951 (3 pages) | Cited 30 times

Online Publication Date: 31 August 2009

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Heterogeneous nucleation of water plays an important role in a wide range of natural and industrial processes. Though heterogeneous nucleation of water is ubiquitous and an everyday experience, spatial control of this important phenomenon is extremely difficult. Here we show for the first time that spatial control in the heterogeneous nucleation of water can be achieved by manipulating the local nucleation energy barrier and nucleation rate via the modification of the local intrinsic wettability of a surface. Such ability to control water nucleation could address the condensation-related limitations of superhydrophobic surfaces and has implications for efficiency enhancements in energy and desalination systems.
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68.08.Bc Wetting
82.60.Nh Thermodynamics of nucleation

Inducing intrinsic localized modes in microelectromechanical cantilever arrays by frequency modulation

Qingfei Chen, Ying-Cheng Lai, and David Dietz

Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 094102 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3216054 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 31 August 2009

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We articulate a control method to induce intrinsic localized modes at programable bielement cell in driven microcantilever arrays. The idea is to excite a preassigned cantilever to an oscillating state with significantly higher amplitude than the average by using feedback signal to modulate the frequency that drives the whole array. Our control method is thus global, which is advantageous in microsystems as local pinning actuation may be difficult to implement at small scales.
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85.85.+j Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and devices
07.10.Cm Micromechanical devices and systems

Hydrogen desorption from 6H-SiC(0001) surfaces during graphitization

Yuki Aoki and Hiroyuki Hirayama

Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 094103 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3223598 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 31 August 2009

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Desorption of hydrogen from 6H-SiC(0001) has been systematically studied during graphitization. The surface structure was controlled by thermal desorption of silicon at high temperatures in an ultrahigh vacuum and was characterized by low energy diffraction and Auger electron spectroscopy. The temperature of the dominant peak in the hydrogen desorption spectrum was found to shift from 670 to 490 K between 3×3 and math×mathR30° reconstructions. The shift can be assigned to a change of the adsorption sites from silicon to carbon.
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68.43.Nr Desorption kinetics
81.05.-t Specific materials: fabrication, treatment, testing, and analysis
79.20.Fv Electron impact: Auger emission
68.35.bt Other materials
68.43.Mn Adsorption kinetics

Applicability of acoustic noise correlation for structural health monitoring in nondiffuse field conditions

Emmanuel Moulin, Najib Abou Leyla, Jamal Assaad, and Sebastien Grondel

Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 094104 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3200240 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 3 September 2009

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Ambient noise correlation offers an elegant way of passively caracterize a medium. The principle is that in diffuse field condition, Green’s function between two sensors can be retrieved from the cross-correlated received signals. Here, the technique is applied in conditions where convergence toward Green’s function is not ensured. Since the obtained information is sensible to the medium state, it is still exploitable for damage detection provided a baseline version is available for comparison. This requires the identification of the acoustic source characteristics at the instant of measurement, which could be achieved using the signal measured at a “reference” sensor.
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43.50.-x Noise: its effects and control

Quantitative grating-based x-ray dark-field computed tomography

Zhen-Tian Wang, Ke-Jun Kang, Zhi-Feng Huang, and Zhi-Qiang Chen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 094105 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3213557 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 3 September 2009

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Grating-based x-ray dark-field computed tomography is a functional method that utilizes the scattering contrast mechanism to explore the inaccessible spatially resolved internal structure of the sample. In this letter, we show that the second moment of the scattering angle distribution can be expressed as the minus logarithm of the visibility degradation of the oscillation curve in grating-based imaging. According to the conclusion of Khelashvili et al. [Phys. Med. Biol. 51, 221 (2006) ], the minus logarithm of the visibility ratio fulfills the line integral condition; consequently the scattering information can be reconstructed quantitatively by conventional computed tomography algorithms. Results from a computer simulation and from an actual experiment both validate our deduction.
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87.57.Q- Computed tomography
87.64.Bx Electron, neutron and x-ray diffraction and scattering
61.05.cf X-ray scattering (including small-angle scattering)

Observation of the focusing of liquid surface waves

J. Yang, Y. F. Tang, C. F. Ouyang, X. H. Liu, X. H. Hu, and J. Zi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 094106 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3222968 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 3 September 2009

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The transmission properties of liquid surface waves through a biconvex array of rigid cylinders, arranged in a two-dimensional periodic lattice, are studied experimentally and numerically. Both experimental and numerical results show that this biconvex array of rigid cylinders can act as a lens, which can focus plane liquid surface waves in a wide range of frequencies.
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47.35.-i Hydrodynamic waves
47.60.-i Flow phenomena in quasi-one-dimensional systems

Experiments on high-performance beam-scanning antennas made of gradient-index metamaterials

Hui Feng Ma, Xi Chen, Hong Sheng Xu, Xin Mi Yang, Wei Xiang Jiang, and Tie Jun Cui

Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 094107 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3223608 (3 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 3 September 2009

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A planar lens made of gradient index metamaterials can transform cylindrical waves to plane waves, and the beam direction of plane waves is controlled by adjusting the refractive-index distributions of the lens. Based on such properties, we present high-performance beam-scanning antennas experimentally using the gradient-index planar lens and horn antenna. The lens is carefully designed with metamaterials to achieve different refractive indices and good matching of impedance. The near-field distributions of antennas are measured using a two-dimensional near-field microwave scanning apparatus, and the radiation patterns are presented to show the high directivity and low sidelobe.
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84.40.Ba Antennas: theory, components and accessories
07.57.-c Infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave and radiowave instruments and equipment
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