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15 Mar 2010

Volume 96, Issue 11, Articles (11xxxx)

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111901 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3358107 (3 pages)

B. Rožič, S. Krause, H. Finkelmann, G. Cordoyiannis, and Z. Kutnjak
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Transmission efficiency of surface plasmon polaritons across gaps in gold waveguides

Richard A. Flynn, Igor Vurgaftman, Konrad Bussmann, B. S. Simpkins, Chul Soo Kim, and James P. Long

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111101 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3360202 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 15 March 2010

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A far-field microscopy approach is introduced that measures the transmittance of surface plasmon polaritons across gaps in plasmonic waveguides. Local plasmon intensity is monitored through radiation scattered from discontinuities placed before and after the gap. An unusually broad range of gap sizes, 30 nm to 16 μm, is reported for optically thick, 5 μm wide Au stripe-waveguides excited at 860 nm wavelength. Transmittances approach 100% for a 30 nm gap and remain as high as 50% for a 1 μm gap. Finite-element analysis yields transmittances in agreement with experiment and finds gap losses are dominated by radiation scattered into the substrate and air.
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42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers
02.70.Dh Finite-element and Galerkin methods
73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)
71.36.+c Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions)

Gain and noise of high-performance long wavelength superlattice infrared detectors

Alexander Soibel, David Z.-Y. Ting, Cory J. Hill, Mike Lee, Jean Nguyen, Sam A. Keo, Jason M. Mumolo, and Sarath D. Gunapala

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111102 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3357429 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 15 March 2010

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We experimentally investigate the noise and gain of high-performance long-wavelength superlattice (SL) infrared photodetectors. We compare a recently demonstrated SL heterodiode, which exhibits an electrical gain much larger than unity, with a SL photodetector without gain to show that the electrical gain in these devices originates from the device structure rather than from the SL absorber. We directly measure the noise spectra of a high performance SL, and show that 1/f noise is not intrinsically present in these structures. However, we find that a very large extraneous frequency-dependent noise can be generated by side-wall leakage currents. Analysis of the noise and gain indicate that the exact dependence of the shot noise on the dark current in these SL heterodiodes can be different from that in the diffusion-limited diode homojunction.
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85.60.Gz Photodetectors (including infrared and CCD detectors)
07.57.Kp Bolometers; infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave, and radiowave receivers and detectors
85.60.Dw Photodiodes; phototransistors; photoresistors

The role of polarization on surface plasmon polariton excitation on metallic gratings in the conical mounting

F. Romanato, K. H. Lee, G. Ruffato, and C. C. Wong

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111103 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3361653 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 15 March 2010

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The polarization effects of surface plasmon polaritons (SPP) in an azimuthally rotated gratings have been investigated. Mixed s and p modes can be excited using the polarization angle of the incident light to optimize the SPP coupling. Experimental results and simulations show which component of polarization is effective for the SPP excitation. The optimum angle direction has been calculated analytically. The SPR tunability by polarization may uncover important features in SPP applications.
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78.68.+m Optical properties of surfaces
78.66.Bz Metals and metallic alloys
73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)
71.36.+c Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions)
42.25.Ja Polarization
42.70.Nq Other nonlinear optical materials; photorefractive and semiconductor materials
42.79.Wc Optical coatings

Plasmon stimulated emission in arrays of bimetallic structures coated with dye-doped dielectric

A. Krishnan, S. P. Frisbie, L. Grave de Peralta, and A. A. Bernussi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111104 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3361654 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 15 March 2010

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We report results on the propagation modes in plasmonic structures incorporating a gain medium using Fourier-plane leakage radiation microscopy. We demonstrate that high contrast images and detailed mode propagation information can be obtained with arrays of dielectric loaded surface plasmon waveguides. Clear interference effects were observed in the Fourier-plane images corresponding to arrays of bimetallic stripes coated with a gain material. This indicates coherent superposition of leaked fluorescence from coupled adjacent waveguides as a result of plasmon stimulated emission.
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42.25.Bs Wave propagation, transmission and absorption
42.25.Hz Interference
42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers
07.60.Pb Conventional optical microscopes

Optically band-tunable color cone lasing emission in a dye-doped cholesteric liquid crystal with a photoisomerizable chiral dopant

C.-R. Lee, S.-H. Lin, H.-S. Ku, J.-H. Liu, P.-C. Yang, C.-Y. Huang, H.-C. Yeh, and T.-D. Ji

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111105 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3364942 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 16 March 2010

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This work demonstrates the feasibility of an optically band-tunable color cone lasing emission (CCLE) based on a dye-doped cholesteric liquid crystal with a photoisomerizable chiral dopant. Experimental results indicate that the lasing band of the formed CCLE can be tuned optically among various color regions by adjusting the UV irradiated fluence. The optical band tunability of the laser is attributed to the presence of two chiral agents with twisting powers of opposite signs in the cell and the UV-irradiation-induced decrease of the right-handed twisting power of the photoisomerizable chiral dopant via trans→cis isomerization, subsequently inducing the other chiral agent to reduce the structural pitch of the cell. Total tunable wavelength range of the laser exceeds 100 nm. Moreover, the band-tunable laser exhibits a high spectral stability under illumination of a visible light or thermal treatment.
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42.55.Mv Dye lasers
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
42.70.Hj Laser materials
42.70.Df Liquid crystals
42.79.Kr Display devices, liquid-crystal devices
42.60.Fc Modulation, tuning, and mode locking
82.30.Qt Isomerization and rearrangement
82.50.-m Photochemistry

Influence of grating period on kinetics of self-diffraction in nematic liquid crystal panel with photoconducting polymeric layer

Lech Sznitko, Agata Anczykowska, Jaroslaw Mysliwiec, and Stanislaw Bartkiewicz

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111106 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3359430 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 16 March 2010

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The authors report on grating spacing influence on self-diffraction phenomenon in nematic liquid crystal panel with photoconducting polymeric layer. For grating recording typical degenerated two-wave mixing experimental set-up was used. Self-diffraction was induced by neodymium doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser (Nd:YAG, λ = 532 nm) and for the observation of temporal changes of diffraction efficiency in function of grating period (angle between two recording beams coming from the Nd:YAG laser) laser diode (λ = 674) was used. Mathematical model for grating formation based on coupling of three gratings was proposed. Theoretical estimations and experimental results have shown very good agreement.
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42.70.Df Liquid crystals
73.50.Pz Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects
42.79.Dj Gratings

Strong dependence of spin dynamics on the orientation of an external magnetic field for InSb and InAs

K. L. Litvinenko, M. A. Leontiadou, Juerong Li, S. K. Clowes, M. T. Emeny, T. Ashley, C. R. Pidgeon, L. F. Cohen, and B. N. Murdin

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111107 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3337111 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 16 March 2010

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Electron spin relaxation times have been measured in InSb and InAs epilayers in a moderate (<4 T) external magnetic field. A strong and opposite field dependence of the spin lifetime was observed for longitudinal (Faraday) and transverse (Voigt) configuration. In the Faraday configuration the spin lifetime increases because the D’yakonov–Perel’ dephasing process is suppressed. At the high field limit the Elliot–Yafet spin flip relaxation process dominates, enabling its direct determination. Conversely, as predicted theoretically for narrow band gap semiconductors, an additional efficient spin dephasing mechanism dominates in the Voigt configuration significantly decreasing the electron spin lifetime with increasing field.
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75.30.Ds Spin waves
75.40.Gb Dynamic properties (dynamic susceptibility, spin waves, spin diffusion, dynamic scaling, etc.)
78.20.Ls Magneto-optical effects

Mechanically flexible polymeric compound one-dimensional photonic crystals for terahertz frequencies

Christian Jansen, Steffen Wietzke, Victoria Astley, Daniel M. Mittleman, and Martin Koch

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111108 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3341309 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 16 March 2010

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We describe the fabrication and characterization of fully flexible one-dimensional photonic crystals for terahertz frequencies based on alternating layers of a highly refracting polymeric compound and a pure polymer. Due to the high permittivity contrast and low intrinsic material absorption, even a low number of layers yields structures with a pronounced artificial band gap, with a center frequency reflectivity close to unity. Besides the high filter performance, the polymeric compound one-dimensional photonic crystals can be employed for beam shaping by applying a curvature to the mechanically flexible structures, since the spectral characteristics remain nearly unchanged when the structure is flexed.
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42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
42.70.Jk Polymers and organics

Efficient local fixing of photorefractive polymer hologram using a laser beam

Guoqiang Li and Peng Wang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111109 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3361655 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 16 March 2010

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We propose and demonstrate a novel technique for efficient local fixing of photorefractive polymer hologram using a laser beam. In the technique, a CO2 laser beam is used to heat the sample and a local hologram can be fixed easier than previous methods. By using thinner glass substrates for the photorefractive device, the hologram can be fixed efficiently and at much faster speed. The fixation efficiency can be greater than 80% and the hologram can be fixed in the order of a second. This technique is critical for dynamic holographic three-dimensional display and holographic data storage.
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42.40.-i Holography
42.40.Ht Hologram recording and readout methods
42.70.Jk Polymers and organics
42.60.Jf Beam characteristics: profile, intensity, and power; spatial pattern formation
42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems

Continuous-wave backward frequency doubling in periodically poled lithium niobate

S. Stivala, A. C. Busacca, L. Curcio, R. L. Oliveri, S. Riva-Sanseverino, and Gaetano Assanto

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111110 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3364934 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 17 March 2010

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We report on backward second-harmonic-generation in bulk periodically poled congruent lithium niobate with a 3.2 μm period. A tunable continuous-wave Ti:sapphire laser allowed us exciting two resonant quasi-phase-matching orders in the backward configuration. The resonances were also resolved by temperature tuning and interpolated with standard theory to extract relevant information on the sample.
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42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation
42.70.-a Optical materials

Tunable one-way cross-waveguide splitter based on gyromagnetic photonic crystal

Cheng He, Xiao-Lin Chen, Ming-Hui Lu, Xue-Feng Li, Wei-Wei Wan, Xiao-Shi Qian, Ruo-Cheng Yin, and Yan-Feng Chen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111111 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3358386 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 17 March 2010

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We report our design of a tunable one-way cross-waveguide splitter, resulting from the broken time-reversal symmetry, based on the edge modes of gyromagnetic photonic crystal. Mode control is accomplished by altering the radius or refractive index of a single central electro-optical rod. The on-off switch of the channels can be manipulated by external electric or magnetic field. Coupled-mode theory between defect modes and waveguide modes was used to characterize the transmission efficiency of the channels.
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42.79.Fm Reflectors, beam splitters, and deflectors
42.55.Tv Photonic crystal lasers and coherent effects
42.65.Pc Optical bistability, multistability, and switching, including local field effects

Graphene mode locked, wavelength-tunable, dissipative soliton fiber laser

Han Zhang, Dingyuan Tang, R. J. Knize, Luming Zhao, Qiaoliang Bao, and Kian Ping Loh

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111112 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3367743 (3 pages) | Cited 48 times

Online Publication Date: 18 March 2010

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Atomic layer graphene possesses wavelength-insensitive ultrafast saturable absorption, which can be exploited as a “full-band” mode locker. Taking advantage of the wide band saturable absorption of the graphene, we demonstrate experimentally that wide range (1570–1600 nm) continuous wavelength tunable dissipative solitons could be formed in an erbium doped fiber laser mode locked with few layer graphene.
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42.55.Wd Fiber lasers
42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression
42.81.Dp Propagation, scattering, and losses; solitons
42.65.Tg Optical solitons; nonlinear guided waves
42.60.Fc Modulation, tuning, and mode locking

Quantum noise in a terahertz hot electron bolometer mixer

W. Zhang, P. Khosropanah, J. R. Gao, E. L. Kollberg, K. S. Yngvesson, T. Bansal, R. Barends, and T. M. Klapwijk

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111113 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3364936 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 19 March 2010

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We have measured the noise temperature of a single, sensitive superconducting NbN hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixer in a frequency range from 1.6 to 5.3 THz, using a setup with all the key components in vacuum. By analyzing the measured receiver noise temperature using a quantum noise (QN) model for HEB mixers, we confirm the effect of QN. The QN is found to be responsible for about half of the receiver noise at the highest frequency in our measurements. The β-factor (the quantum efficiency of the HEB) obtained experimentally agrees reasonably well with the calculated value.
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07.57.Kp Bolometers; infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave, and radiowave receivers and detectors
85.25.-j Superconducting devices
05.40.Ca Noise

Compact and low crosstalk waveguide crossing using impedance matched metamaterial

Weiqiang Ding, Donghua Tang, Yan Liu, Lixue Chen, and Xiudong Sun

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111114 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3364145 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 19 March 2010

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A waveguide crossing mechanism based on metamaterial is proposed and numerically investigated using finite difference in time domain method. The waveguide cross is filled with impedance matched metamaterial, which has a large absolute value of refractive index, and effectively suppresses the diffraction of the guiding mode in the crossing region. The waveguide cross is ultra compact, and valid for a wide range of crossing angle with negligible crosstalk and insertion loss. The compactness and high efficiency make this crossing mechanism valuable in micro and nano photonics.
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42.82.Et Waveguides, couplers, and arrays
42.70.-a Optical materials
02.70.Bf Finite-difference methods
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Spatial distribution of nonemissive metastables in a two-frequency capacitively coupled plasma in Ar by using a pair of optical emission lines

Tomihito Ohba and Toshiaki Makabe

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111501 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3360888 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 15 March 2010

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When a pair of short- and long-lived excited molecules are coupled with an upper radiative state, it will be possible to derive the number density of the long-lived species from the optical emission spectroscopy of upper-level short-lived species by careful selection of the pair. Two-dimensional density distributions of the long-lived metastable state Ar(1s5) and that of the short-lived excited state Ar(2p2) are observed and compared in the time-averaged form, using a computerized tomography technique of the emissions from a pair of optical transitions in a two-frequency capacitively coupled plasma in pure Ar.
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52.70.Kz Optical (ultraviolet, visible, infrared) measurements
52.20.Fs Electron collisions
52.25.-b Plasma properties

Suppression of high-power microwave dielectric multipactor by resonant magnetic field

C. Chang, G. Z. Liu, C. X. Tang, C. H. Chen, H. Shao, and W. H. Huang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111502 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3360853 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 16 March 2010

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Through dynamic calculation and electromagnetic particle-in-cell simulation, high-power microwave dielectric multipactor is discovered to be suppressed by utilizing external dc magnetic field parallel to the surface, perpendicular to the rf field and satisfying the gyrofrequency close to the rf frequency Ω ∼ ω. It is found that multipactor electrons emitted from the surface can be resonantly accelerated to obtain the impact energy εe higher than the second crossover energy, leading to secondary emission yield lower than one. Besides, the corresponding flight time gets close to the rf period, also the period of the vector Erf×B, resulting in secondary electrons immediately pulled away without multipactoring along the surface. What is more, with the rf field increasing, suppression effect can be further enhanced due to εe rising.
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52.80.Pi High-frequency and RF discharges
52.80.Vp Discharge in vacuum

Efficient laser-produced plasma extreme ultraviolet sources using grooved Sn targets

S. S. Harilal, T. Sizyuk, V. Sizyuk, and A. Hassanein

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111503 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3364141 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 16 March 2010

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An efficient extreme ultraviolet (EUV) generation method has been developed with the use of a CO2 laser-produced plasma from a grooved target. A ∼ 5% conversion efficiency from laser to 13.5 nm photons was obtained with the use of grooves in a tin target or by repeated laser pulse shots at the same target position. Modeling studies proved that the groove target controls the hydrodynamic expansion of the plasma leading to confinement which prevents the plasma escaping from the EUV production zone.
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52.25.Os Emission, absorption, and scattering of electromagnetic radiation
52.50.Jm Plasma production and heating by laser beams (laser-foil, laser-cluster, etc.)
42.72.Bj Visible and ultraviolet sources
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Controlling the thermomechanical response of liquid-crystalline elastomers by influencing their critical behavior

B. Rožič, S. Krause, H. Finkelmann, G. Cordoyiannis, and Z. Kutnjak

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111901 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3358107 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 15 March 2010

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The profound understanding of the mechanisms that affect the thermomechanical response of liquid-crystalline elastomers is of significant importance for applications. In the vicinity of a phase transition this response is reflected to the thermodynamic critical behavior. We demonstrate that two main-chain liquid-crystalline elastomers of identical composition, crosslinked in temperatures corresponding to different thermodynamic phases, exhibit dramatically different thermal behavior as derived from high-resolution calorimetry. Hence, a previously unexplored parameter for controlling the elastomers critical behavior is revealed, exhibiting a very strong effect. Moreover, the relative strength of various discovered mechanisms that control the critical behavior is discussed.
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64.70.mj Experimental studies of liquid crystal transitions
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments
61.30.Vx Polymer liquid crystals
65.20.Jk Studies of thermodynamic properties of specific liquids

Switchable phononic wave filtering, guiding, harvesting, and actuating in polarization-patterned piezoelectric solids

Cory J. Rupp, Martin L. Dunn, and Kurt Maute

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111902 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3341197 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 15 March 2010

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We demonstrate the ability to manipulate the propagation of phononic (elastic, acoustic) waves in two-dimensional piezoelectric solids by spatially patterning the polarization distribution. We simulate the wave fields by the finite element method and demonstrate the ability to dynamically alter the wave propagation by switching (on/off) the piezoelectric behavior by operating the electrodes in a closed or open circuit configuration. The piezoelectric polarization patterns are nonintuitive and are determined by topology optimization. We illustrate the interesting response of optimally patterned phononic devices with four examples: a filter, a waveguide, an energy harvester, and a wave actuator.
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62.65.+k Acoustical properties of solids
77.84.-s Dielectric, piezoelectric, ferroelectric, and antiferroelectric materials
77.65.-j Piezoelectricity and electromechanical effects
02.70.Dh Finite-element and Galerkin methods

High quality Ge epitaxial layers in narrow channels on Si (001) substrates

G. Wang, E. Rosseel, R. Loo, P. Favia, H. Bender, M. Caymax, M. M. Heyns, and W. Vandervorst

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111903 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3360231 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 16 March 2010

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We demonstrate the selective growth of high quality Ge epitaxial layers in channels as narrow as 10 nm on patterned Si (001) substrates by a combination of low temperature growth and selective recrystallization using Ge melt and regrowth during a millisecond laser anneal. Filling narrow trenches at high growth temperature as required for obtaining high quality layers was shown to be prohibited by Ge outdiffusion due to the high Ge chemical potential in such narrow channels. At low temperature, a hydride-terminated surface is maintained which counteracts the outdiffusion of the Ge adatoms and provides excellent trench filling. The resulting low crystalline quality can be restored by a selective Ge melt and epitaxial regrowth using a millisecond laser anneal.
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68.55.ag Semiconductors
81.15.Lm Liquid phase epitaxy; deposition from liquid phases (melts, solutions, and surface layers on liquids)
61.72.Cc Kinetics of defect formation and annealing
81.05.Cy Elemental semiconductors
81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing

Effect of surface bonding on semiconductor nanoribbon wiggling structure

Yu Zhang, Minrui Yu, Donald E. Savage, Max G. Lagally, Robert H. Blick, and Feng Liu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111904 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3353972 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 17 March 2010

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SiGe nanomembranes and nanowires provide one important class of stretchable electronic materials. We have investigated a very interesting wiggling phenomenon of SiGe nanoribbons bonded to Si substrate as experimentally observed in a Hall-bar structure. Based on continuum linear stability analysis, we establish a scaling rule between the wiggling period and surface bonding area, in relation to the ratio of strain energy over the interfacial bonding energy.
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61.46.Km Structure of nanowires and nanorods (long, free or loosely attached, quantum wires and quantum rods, but not gate-isolated embedded quantum wires)
72.20.My Galvanomagnetic and other magnetotransport effects
81.16.Dn Self-assembly
68.35.Md Surface thermodynamics, surface energies

Study on the activation of styrene-based shape memory polymer by medium-infrared laser light

Jinsong Leng, Dawei Zhang, Yanju Liu, Kai Yu, and Xin Lan

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111905 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3353970 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 18 March 2010

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This paper demonstrates the feasibility of shape memory polymer (SMP) activation by medium-infrared laser light. Medium-infrared light is transmitted by an optical fiber embedded in the SMP matrix, and the shape recovery process and temperature distribution are recorded by an infrared camera. Light-induced SMP exhibits potential applications in biomedicines and flexible displays.
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42.62.-b Laser applications
61.80.Ba Ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation effects (including laser radiation)
61.82.Pv Polymers, organic compounds
81.40.Lm Deformation, plasticity, and creep
62.20.fg Shape-memory effect; yield stress; superelasticity
81.05.Lg Polymers and plastics; rubber; synthetic and natural fibers; organometallic and organic materials

Energy-harvesting device with mechanical frequency-up conversion mechanism for increased power efficiency and wideband operation

Seok-Min Jung and Kwang-Seok Yun

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111906 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3360219 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 19 March 2010

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In this paper, we propose an energy-harvesting device that uses snap-through buckling for mechanical frequency-up conversion. The proposed device consists of buckled slender bridges with a proof mass and cantilever beams attached on them. When subjected to a low-frequency vibration above the threshold acceleration value, the buckled bridges snap through between two equilibrium states, providing high acceleration to the attached piezoelectric cantilever beams and thus causing them to resonate at a high frequency. A maximum power of 131 μW was generated at an excitation frequency of 30 Hz and a peak acceleration of 30 m/s2 by using a proposed device.
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84.60.-h Direct energy conversion and storage

Confinement effects of CdSe nanocrystals intercalated into mesoporous silica

Shu-Fang Chen, Chuan-Pu Liu, Andrei A. Eliseev, Dmitry I. Petukhov, and Sandip Dhara

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111907 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3340903 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 19 March 2010

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CdSe nanocrystals are intercalated into ordered hexagonal arrays of mesoporous silica. The nanocrystals are clearly confined in the channels and their size was estimated to be consistent with the pore size. Transmission electron microscopy suggests that CdSe nanocrystals have a spherical morphology and are stabilized from aggregation after intercalation. The shift of the longitudinal optical bands in the Raman spectra is caused by a combination of phonon confinement and strain effects from the compressed lattice of the intercalated CdSe nanocrystals and the experimental results agree well to the theoretical consideration.
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81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
63.22.-m Phonons or vibrational states in low-dimensional structures and nanoscale materials
61.43.Gt Powders, porous materials
68.55.J- Morphology of films
81.05.Dz II-VI semiconductors

Real-time atomic force microscopy imaging of photoinduced surface deformation in AsxSe100−x chalcogenide films

M. L. Trunov, P. M. Lytvyn, P. M. Nagy, and O. M. Dyachyns’ka

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111908 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3360229 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 19 March 2010

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We present direct measurements of the kinetics of surface relief gratings (SRGs) formation in amorphous AsxSe100−x (20 ≤ xAs ≤ 50) thin films. SRGs are induced in different holographic schemes of recording using near-band-gap light and their growth is further facilitated by illumination with an interference pattern and observed in real time by in situ atomic force microscopy. It is found that the kinetics of SRG formation depends upon film composition and incident light polarization. The light-stimulated vectorial surface deformations are maximized for Se-rich glasses and increase even further by additional illumination during recording.
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42.79.Dj Gratings
68.35.bj Amorphous semiconductors, glasses
81.40.Lm Deformation, plasticity, and creep
62.20.F- Deformation and plasticity
68.37.Ps Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
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