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15 Mar 2010

Volume 96, Issue 11, Articles (11xxxx)

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111901 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3358107 (3 pages)

B. Rožič, S. Krause, H. Finkelmann, G. Cordoyiannis, and Z. Kutnjak
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Transmission efficiency of surface plasmon polaritons across gaps in gold waveguides

Richard A. Flynn, Igor Vurgaftman, Konrad Bussmann, B. S. Simpkins, Chul Soo Kim, and James P. Long

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111101 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3360202 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 15 March 2010

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A far-field microscopy approach is introduced that measures the transmittance of surface plasmon polaritons across gaps in plasmonic waveguides. Local plasmon intensity is monitored through radiation scattered from discontinuities placed before and after the gap. An unusually broad range of gap sizes, 30 nm to 16 μm, is reported for optically thick, 5 μm wide Au stripe-waveguides excited at 860 nm wavelength. Transmittances approach 100% for a 30 nm gap and remain as high as 50% for a 1 μm gap. Finite-element analysis yields transmittances in agreement with experiment and finds gap losses are dominated by radiation scattered into the substrate and air.
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42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers
02.70.Dh Finite-element and Galerkin methods
73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)
71.36.+c Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions)

Gain and noise of high-performance long wavelength superlattice infrared detectors

Alexander Soibel, David Z.-Y. Ting, Cory J. Hill, Mike Lee, Jean Nguyen, Sam A. Keo, Jason M. Mumolo, and Sarath D. Gunapala

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111102 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3357429 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 15 March 2010

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We experimentally investigate the noise and gain of high-performance long-wavelength superlattice (SL) infrared photodetectors. We compare a recently demonstrated SL heterodiode, which exhibits an electrical gain much larger than unity, with a SL photodetector without gain to show that the electrical gain in these devices originates from the device structure rather than from the SL absorber. We directly measure the noise spectra of a high performance SL, and show that 1/f noise is not intrinsically present in these structures. However, we find that a very large extraneous frequency-dependent noise can be generated by side-wall leakage currents. Analysis of the noise and gain indicate that the exact dependence of the shot noise on the dark current in these SL heterodiodes can be different from that in the diffusion-limited diode homojunction.
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85.60.Gz Photodetectors (including infrared and CCD detectors)
07.57.Kp Bolometers; infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave, and radiowave receivers and detectors
85.60.Dw Photodiodes; phototransistors; photoresistors

The role of polarization on surface plasmon polariton excitation on metallic gratings in the conical mounting

F. Romanato, K. H. Lee, G. Ruffato, and C. C. Wong

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111103 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3361653 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 15 March 2010

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The polarization effects of surface plasmon polaritons (SPP) in an azimuthally rotated gratings have been investigated. Mixed s and p modes can be excited using the polarization angle of the incident light to optimize the SPP coupling. Experimental results and simulations show which component of polarization is effective for the SPP excitation. The optimum angle direction has been calculated analytically. The SPR tunability by polarization may uncover important features in SPP applications.
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78.68.+m Optical properties of surfaces
78.66.Bz Metals and metallic alloys
73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)
71.36.+c Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions)
42.25.Ja Polarization
42.70.Nq Other nonlinear optical materials; photorefractive and semiconductor materials
42.79.Wc Optical coatings

Plasmon stimulated emission in arrays of bimetallic structures coated with dye-doped dielectric

A. Krishnan, S. P. Frisbie, L. Grave de Peralta, and A. A. Bernussi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111104 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3361654 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 15 March 2010

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We report results on the propagation modes in plasmonic structures incorporating a gain medium using Fourier-plane leakage radiation microscopy. We demonstrate that high contrast images and detailed mode propagation information can be obtained with arrays of dielectric loaded surface plasmon waveguides. Clear interference effects were observed in the Fourier-plane images corresponding to arrays of bimetallic stripes coated with a gain material. This indicates coherent superposition of leaked fluorescence from coupled adjacent waveguides as a result of plasmon stimulated emission.
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42.25.Bs Wave propagation, transmission and absorption
42.25.Hz Interference
42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers
07.60.Pb Conventional optical microscopes

Optically band-tunable color cone lasing emission in a dye-doped cholesteric liquid crystal with a photoisomerizable chiral dopant

C.-R. Lee, S.-H. Lin, H.-S. Ku, J.-H. Liu, P.-C. Yang, C.-Y. Huang, H.-C. Yeh, and T.-D. Ji

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111105 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3364942 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 16 March 2010

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This work demonstrates the feasibility of an optically band-tunable color cone lasing emission (CCLE) based on a dye-doped cholesteric liquid crystal with a photoisomerizable chiral dopant. Experimental results indicate that the lasing band of the formed CCLE can be tuned optically among various color regions by adjusting the UV irradiated fluence. The optical band tunability of the laser is attributed to the presence of two chiral agents with twisting powers of opposite signs in the cell and the UV-irradiation-induced decrease of the right-handed twisting power of the photoisomerizable chiral dopant via trans→cis isomerization, subsequently inducing the other chiral agent to reduce the structural pitch of the cell. Total tunable wavelength range of the laser exceeds 100 nm. Moreover, the band-tunable laser exhibits a high spectral stability under illumination of a visible light or thermal treatment.
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42.55.Mv Dye lasers
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
42.70.Hj Laser materials
42.70.Df Liquid crystals
42.79.Kr Display devices, liquid-crystal devices
42.60.Fc Modulation, tuning, and mode locking
82.30.Qt Isomerization and rearrangement
82.50.-m Photochemistry

Influence of grating period on kinetics of self-diffraction in nematic liquid crystal panel with photoconducting polymeric layer

Lech Sznitko, Agata Anczykowska, Jaroslaw Mysliwiec, and Stanislaw Bartkiewicz

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111106 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3359430 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 16 March 2010

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The authors report on grating spacing influence on self-diffraction phenomenon in nematic liquid crystal panel with photoconducting polymeric layer. For grating recording typical degenerated two-wave mixing experimental set-up was used. Self-diffraction was induced by neodymium doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser (Nd:YAG, λ = 532 nm) and for the observation of temporal changes of diffraction efficiency in function of grating period (angle between two recording beams coming from the Nd:YAG laser) laser diode (λ = 674) was used. Mathematical model for grating formation based on coupling of three gratings was proposed. Theoretical estimations and experimental results have shown very good agreement.
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42.70.Df Liquid crystals
73.50.Pz Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects
42.79.Dj Gratings

Strong dependence of spin dynamics on the orientation of an external magnetic field for InSb and InAs

K. L. Litvinenko, M. A. Leontiadou, Juerong Li, S. K. Clowes, M. T. Emeny, T. Ashley, C. R. Pidgeon, L. F. Cohen, and B. N. Murdin

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111107 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3337111 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 16 March 2010

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Electron spin relaxation times have been measured in InSb and InAs epilayers in a moderate (<4 T) external magnetic field. A strong and opposite field dependence of the spin lifetime was observed for longitudinal (Faraday) and transverse (Voigt) configuration. In the Faraday configuration the spin lifetime increases because the D’yakonov–Perel’ dephasing process is suppressed. At the high field limit the Elliot–Yafet spin flip relaxation process dominates, enabling its direct determination. Conversely, as predicted theoretically for narrow band gap semiconductors, an additional efficient spin dephasing mechanism dominates in the Voigt configuration significantly decreasing the electron spin lifetime with increasing field.
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75.30.Ds Spin waves
75.40.Gb Dynamic properties (dynamic susceptibility, spin waves, spin diffusion, dynamic scaling, etc.)
78.20.Ls Magneto-optical effects

Mechanically flexible polymeric compound one-dimensional photonic crystals for terahertz frequencies

Christian Jansen, Steffen Wietzke, Victoria Astley, Daniel M. Mittleman, and Martin Koch

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111108 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3341309 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 16 March 2010

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We describe the fabrication and characterization of fully flexible one-dimensional photonic crystals for terahertz frequencies based on alternating layers of a highly refracting polymeric compound and a pure polymer. Due to the high permittivity contrast and low intrinsic material absorption, even a low number of layers yields structures with a pronounced artificial band gap, with a center frequency reflectivity close to unity. Besides the high filter performance, the polymeric compound one-dimensional photonic crystals can be employed for beam shaping by applying a curvature to the mechanically flexible structures, since the spectral characteristics remain nearly unchanged when the structure is flexed.
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42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
42.70.Jk Polymers and organics

Efficient local fixing of photorefractive polymer hologram using a laser beam

Guoqiang Li and Peng Wang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111109 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3361655 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 16 March 2010

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We propose and demonstrate a novel technique for efficient local fixing of photorefractive polymer hologram using a laser beam. In the technique, a CO2 laser beam is used to heat the sample and a local hologram can be fixed easier than previous methods. By using thinner glass substrates for the photorefractive device, the hologram can be fixed efficiently and at much faster speed. The fixation efficiency can be greater than 80% and the hologram can be fixed in the order of a second. This technique is critical for dynamic holographic three-dimensional display and holographic data storage.
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42.40.-i Holography
42.40.Ht Hologram recording and readout methods
42.70.Jk Polymers and organics
42.60.Jf Beam characteristics: profile, intensity, and power; spatial pattern formation
42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems

Continuous-wave backward frequency doubling in periodically poled lithium niobate

S. Stivala, A. C. Busacca, L. Curcio, R. L. Oliveri, S. Riva-Sanseverino, and Gaetano Assanto

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111110 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3364934 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 17 March 2010

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We report on backward second-harmonic-generation in bulk periodically poled congruent lithium niobate with a 3.2 μm period. A tunable continuous-wave Ti:sapphire laser allowed us exciting two resonant quasi-phase-matching orders in the backward configuration. The resonances were also resolved by temperature tuning and interpolated with standard theory to extract relevant information on the sample.
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42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation
42.70.-a Optical materials

Tunable one-way cross-waveguide splitter based on gyromagnetic photonic crystal

Cheng He, Xiao-Lin Chen, Ming-Hui Lu, Xue-Feng Li, Wei-Wei Wan, Xiao-Shi Qian, Ruo-Cheng Yin, and Yan-Feng Chen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111111 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3358386 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 17 March 2010

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We report our design of a tunable one-way cross-waveguide splitter, resulting from the broken time-reversal symmetry, based on the edge modes of gyromagnetic photonic crystal. Mode control is accomplished by altering the radius or refractive index of a single central electro-optical rod. The on-off switch of the channels can be manipulated by external electric or magnetic field. Coupled-mode theory between defect modes and waveguide modes was used to characterize the transmission efficiency of the channels.
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42.79.Fm Reflectors, beam splitters, and deflectors
42.55.Tv Photonic crystal lasers and coherent effects
42.65.Pc Optical bistability, multistability, and switching, including local field effects

Graphene mode locked, wavelength-tunable, dissipative soliton fiber laser

Han Zhang, Dingyuan Tang, R. J. Knize, Luming Zhao, Qiaoliang Bao, and Kian Ping Loh

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111112 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3367743 (3 pages) | Cited 48 times

Online Publication Date: 18 March 2010

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Atomic layer graphene possesses wavelength-insensitive ultrafast saturable absorption, which can be exploited as a “full-band” mode locker. Taking advantage of the wide band saturable absorption of the graphene, we demonstrate experimentally that wide range (1570–1600 nm) continuous wavelength tunable dissipative solitons could be formed in an erbium doped fiber laser mode locked with few layer graphene.
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42.55.Wd Fiber lasers
42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression
42.81.Dp Propagation, scattering, and losses; solitons
42.65.Tg Optical solitons; nonlinear guided waves
42.60.Fc Modulation, tuning, and mode locking

Quantum noise in a terahertz hot electron bolometer mixer

W. Zhang, P. Khosropanah, J. R. Gao, E. L. Kollberg, K. S. Yngvesson, T. Bansal, R. Barends, and T. M. Klapwijk

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111113 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3364936 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 19 March 2010

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We have measured the noise temperature of a single, sensitive superconducting NbN hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixer in a frequency range from 1.6 to 5.3 THz, using a setup with all the key components in vacuum. By analyzing the measured receiver noise temperature using a quantum noise (QN) model for HEB mixers, we confirm the effect of QN. The QN is found to be responsible for about half of the receiver noise at the highest frequency in our measurements. The β-factor (the quantum efficiency of the HEB) obtained experimentally agrees reasonably well with the calculated value.
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07.57.Kp Bolometers; infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave, and radiowave receivers and detectors
85.25.-j Superconducting devices
05.40.Ca Noise

Compact and low crosstalk waveguide crossing using impedance matched metamaterial

Weiqiang Ding, Donghua Tang, Yan Liu, Lixue Chen, and Xiudong Sun

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111114 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3364145 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 19 March 2010

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A waveguide crossing mechanism based on metamaterial is proposed and numerically investigated using finite difference in time domain method. The waveguide cross is filled with impedance matched metamaterial, which has a large absolute value of refractive index, and effectively suppresses the diffraction of the guiding mode in the crossing region. The waveguide cross is ultra compact, and valid for a wide range of crossing angle with negligible crosstalk and insertion loss. The compactness and high efficiency make this crossing mechanism valuable in micro and nano photonics.
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42.82.Et Waveguides, couplers, and arrays
42.70.-a Optical materials
02.70.Bf Finite-difference methods
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