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5 Apr 2010

Volume 96, Issue 14, Articles (14xxxx)

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 143103 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3378684 (3 pages)

Joshua A. Kellar, Justice M. P. Alaboson, Qing Hua Wang, and Mark C. Hersam
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Strain states in a quantum well embedded into a rolled-up microtube: X-ray and photoluminescence studies

Ch. Deneke, A. Malachias, S. Kiravittaya, M. Benyoucef, T. H. Metzger, and O. G. Schmidt

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 143101 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3373592 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 5 April 2010

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The shift in the optical response of a quantum well (QW) embedded in the wall of a rolled-up microtube along the tube axis is examined. The microtube is investigated by x-ray microdiffraction to deduce the strain state of the rolled-up heterostructure. Using these results, the optical response of the QW is calculated. A good agreement of the lattice parameters determined by diffraction and photoluminescence is found, if a double shell tube is assumed for certain parts of the tube. Our results indicate that a rolled-up multiwalled microtube experiences different strains on different windings at the same lateral position.
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68.65.Fg Quantum wells
78.55.Cr III-V semiconductors
78.67.De Quantum wells

Electron field emission from Fe-doped TiO2 nanotubes

Chih-Chieh Wang, Kuan-Wen Wang, and Tsong-Pyng Perng

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 143102 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3373607 (3 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 5 April 2010

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Titanium dioxide nanotubes were prepared by refluxing TiO2 in 10 M NaOH at 200 °C for 12 h. The light absorption edge was slightly shifted to a longer wavelength when 0.025 mol % of iron was incorporated to TiO2 nanotubes. A turn-on field at 12 V/μm and a maximum current density of 12 mA/cm2 at 19 V/μm was observed for the Fe-doped but not for pure TiO2. The field emission behavior can be correlated with the geometry and electronic states of the nanotubes.
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79.70.+q Field emission, ionization, evaporation, and desorption
73.63.Fg Nanotubes
81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing

Identifying and characterizing epitaxial graphene domains on partially graphitized SiC(0001) surfaces using scanning probe microscopy

Joshua A. Kellar, Justice M. P. Alaboson, Qing Hua Wang, and Mark C. Hersam

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 143103 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3378684 (3 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 5 April 2010

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Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), lateral force microscopy (LFM), and conductive AFM (cAFM) are employed to characterize epitaxial graphene on SiC(0001). Of particular interest are substrates that possess single-layer and bilayer graphene domains, which form during thermal decomposition of silicon from SiC(0001). Since these samples are often partially graphitized, characterization techniques are needed that can distinguish domains of epitaxial graphene from the adjacent (6√3×6√3)R30° reconstructed SiC(0001) surface. The relative merits of STM, AFM, LFM, and cAFM for this purpose are outlined, thus providing nanometer-scale strategies for identifying and characterizing epitaxial graphene.
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68.55.at Other materials
82.30.Lp Decomposition reactions (pyrolysis, dissociation, and fragmentation)
68.37.Ps Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
61.48.Gh Structure of graphene
68.65.Pq Graphene films

High resolution magnetic imaging of perpendicular magnetic recording head using frequency-modulated magnetic force microscopy with a hard magnetic tip

Wei Lu, Zhenghua Li, Kodai Hatakeyama, Genta Egawa, Satoru Yoshimura, and Hitoshi Saito

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 143104 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3378977 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 5 April 2010

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High resolution imaging of ac magnetic field from a trailing-edge shielded perpendicular magnetic writing head was demonstrated by using frequency-modulated magnetic force microscopy (FM-MFM) with a high-coercivity FePt MFM tip. The distribution of perpendicular magnetic field gradient of the recording head is presented and can be used to evaluate the recording performance of the head. A Fourier analysis of the images suggests that magnetic spectral features as small as 15 nm should be detectable by using the FM-MFM technique with a high coercivity tip. The enhancement in spatial resolution of FM-MFM is very crucial for the analysis of nanoscale magnetic features and to shed light on the development of next generation magnetic recording heads.
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85.70.Kh Magnetic thin film devices: magnetic heads (magnetoresistive, inductive, etc.); domain-motion devices, etc.
85.70.Li Other magnetic recording and storage devices (including tapes, disks, and drums)

Metamaterial electro-optic switch of nanoscale thickness

Z. L. Sámson, K. F. MacDonald, F. De Angelis, B. Gholipour, K. Knight, C. C. Huang, E. Di Fabrizio, D. W. Hewak, and N. I. Zheludev

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 143105 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3355544 (3 pages) | Cited 37 times

Online Publication Date: 5 April 2010

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We demonstrate an innovative concept for nanoscale electro-optic switching. It exploits the frequency shift of a narrow-band Fano resonance mode in a plasmonic planar metamaterial induced by a change in the dielectric properties of an adjacent chalcogenide glass layer. An electrically stimulated transition between amorphous and crystalline forms of the glass brings about a 150 nm shift in the near-infrared resonance providing transmission modulation with a contrast ratio of 4:1 in a device of subwavelength thickness.
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42.79.Ta Optical computers, logic elements, interconnects, switches; neural networks
42.70.-a Optical materials
81.05.Xj Metamaterials for chiral, bianisotropic and other complex media
79.60.-i Photoemission and photoelectron spectra
77.22.-d Dielectric properties of solids and liquids

Room temperature ferromagnetism in vacuum annealed ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles

S. Ayyappan, S. Philip Raja, C. Venkateswaran, John Philip, and Baldev Raj

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 143106 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3374332 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 5 April 2010

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We report room temperature ferromagnetism in vacuum annealed ZnFe2O4 (ZFO) nanoparticles. Upon vacuum and air annealing, ZFO nanoparticles show ferro and paramagnetic behavior, respectively. The well defined sextets along with doublet seen in the Mossbauer spectra confirms ferromagnetic coupling in vacuum annealed ZFO. After reannealing in air, the magnetization of vacuum annealed sample reduces from 62 to 1.5 emu/g. Both Mossbauer and micro-Raman results suggest that oxygen vacancies generated during vacuum annealing causes cation redistribution between the interstitial sites resulting in magnetic ordering. Our results show a unique possibility of switching the magnetic properties of ZFO between paramagnetic to ferromagnetic.
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75.50.Dd Nonmetallic ferromagnetic materials
75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems; nanocrystalline materials
75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects
75.20.Ck Nonmetals
75.75.-c Magnetic properties of nanostructures
78.67.Bf Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, and nanoclusters

Voltage-induced incandescent light emission from large-area graphene films

Dingshan Yu and Liming Dai

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 143107 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3383221 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 5 April 2010

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Voltage-induced incandescent light emission from large-area graphene films was demonstrated. Stable, bright, and uniform incandescent emission with a low turn-on voltage ( ∼ 6 V) was obtained for a free-standing graphene film (0.5×1 cm2) under appropriate vacuum (0.05 Torr) or Ar protection. The emission spectra fit well to the blackbody emission model with the emission intensity being exponentially proportional to the external voltage and inversely proportional to the gas pressure. Our results indicate great promise of graphene-based incandescent emitters for flat-lighting applications.
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78.67.Wj Optical properties of graphene
78.66.Tr Fullerenes and related materials
78.60.Fi Electroluminescence

Surface enhanced Raman scattering from multiwalled carbon nanotubes at low temperatures

Smita Gohil and Shankar Ghosh

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 143108 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3374862 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 5 April 2010

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We report temperature dependent Raman spectra of multiwalled carbon nanotubes deposited as dilute dispersions on surface enhanced Raman scattering active substrate. At low temperature, i.e, below 30 K both the tangential and the disorder mode acquire additional spectral features which are otherwise absent in the room temperature spectra. Further, we observe that the surface enhancement effect is more for modes involving motion of atoms in the direction perpendicular to the substrate which is consistent with the surface selection rules. These experiments provide access to certain spectral features of multiwalled carbon nanotubes which are otherwise very difficult to see.
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78.30.Na Fullerenes and related materials
61.48.De Structure of carbon nanotubes, boron nanotubes, and other related systems
78.67.Ch Nanotubes

Wide memory window in graphene oxide charge storage nodes

Shuai Wang, Jing Pu, Daniel S. H. Chan, Byung Jin Cho, and Kian Ping Loh

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 143109 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3383234 (3 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 5 April 2010

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Solution-processable, isolated graphene oxide (GO) monolayers have been used as a charge trapping dielectric in TaN gate/Al2O3/isolated GO sheets/SiO2/p-Si memory device (TANOS). The TANOS type structure serves as memory device with the threshold voltage controlled by the amount of charge trapped in the GO sheet. Capacitance-Voltage hysteresis curves reveal a 7.5 V memory window using the sweep voltage of −5–14 V. Thermal reduction in the GO to graphene reduces the memory window to 1.4 V. The unique charge trapping properties of GO points to the potential applications in flexible organic memory devices.
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84.30.Sk Pulse and digital circuits

Nanopatterning of carbonaceous structures by field-induced carbon dioxide splitting with a force microscope

R. Garcia, N. S. Losilla, J. Martínez, R. V. Martinez, F. J. Palomares, Y. Huttel, M. Calvaresi, and F. Zerbetto

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 143110 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3374885 (3 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 5 April 2010

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We report a tip-based nanofabrication method to generate carbon nanopatterns. The process uses the field-induced transformation of carbon dioxide gas into a solid material. It requires the application of low-to-moderate voltages ∼ 10–40 V. The method allow us to fabricated sub-25 nm dots and it can be up scaled to pattern square centimeter areas. Photoemission spectroscopy shows that the carbon is the dominating atomic species of the fabricated structures. The formation of carbon nanostructures and oxides by atomic force microscope nanolithography expands its potential by providing patterns on the same sample with different chemical composition.
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81.16.Rf Micro- and nanoscale pattern formation
81.16.Nd Micro- and nanolithography
79.60.Jv Interfaces; heterostructures; nanostructures

Ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic properties of the semihydrogenated SiC sheet

B. Xu, J. Yin, Y. D. Xia, X. G. Wan, and Z. G. Liu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 143111 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3379025 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 6 April 2010

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The intriguing electronic and magnetic properties of the semihydrogenated SiC sheet are investigated by means of the first-principles calculations. The semihydrogenated SiC sheet exhibits diverse electronic and magnetic properties: a ferromagnetic semiconductor when Si atoms are hydrogenated, while an antiferromagnetic semiconductor with C atoms hydrogenated. The semihydrogenated SiC sheet with the C atoms hydrogenated is found to be more stable than the sheet with the Si atoms hydrogenated. Thus, controlling the hydrogenation on the different atom sites can precisely modulate the electronic and magnetic properties of the semihydrogenated SiC sheet, which endues the semihydrogenated SiC sheet great potential applications in the future functional nanodevices.
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75.50.Ee Antiferromagnetics
75.50.Dd Nonmetallic ferromagnetic materials
71.15.-m Methods of electronic structure calculations
71.20.Nr Semiconductor compounds

Shubnikov–de Haas and Aharonov Bohm effects in a graphene nanoring structure

Jai Seung Yoo, Yung Woo Park, Viera Skákalová, and Siegmar Roth

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 143112 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3380616 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 6 April 2010

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We observed the Shubnikov–de Haas and the Aharonov Bohm oscillations in a graphene nanoring structure of 1 μm in diameter and with a 125 nm channel width. We found a separation of 2ΔVg = 17.5 V between electron and hole Landau levels in the plot of longitudinal resistance as a function of gate voltage and magnetic field. This separation can be understood as a result of the transport gap, ΔVt = 20 V, in the density of state. The Aharonov Bohm effect was observed in magnetoconductance with poor visibility because of the short phase coherence length of the graphene nanoring structure.
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73.21.-b Electron states and collective excitations in multilayers, quantum wells, mesoscopic, and nanoscale systems
73.20.At Surface states, band structure, electron density of states
73.23.-b Electronic transport in mesoscopic systems

Synthesis of PbTe/Pb quasi-one-dimensional nanostructure material arrays by electrodeposition

Zhaocun Zong, Mingzhe Zhang, Hongliang Lu, Dan Xu, Suangming Wang, Huifang Tian, Chang Liu, Haiming Guo, Hongjun Gao, and Guangtian Zou

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 143113 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3386262 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 7 April 2010

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The ordered PbTe/Pb quasi-one-dimensional nanowires array was electrodeposited on the SiO2/Si substrate. There are two essential factors for the formation of such kind of change in nanowire morphology and structure. One is the charges distribution at the tips of electrodeposit, the other one is the change in ion concentration in front of growth tip. We research the current versus bias voltage characteristics of single PbTe/Pb nanowire by four-probe scanning tunneling microscopy system.
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81.07.Gf Nanowires
81.15.Pq Electrodeposition, electroplating
73.40.Ns Metal-nonmetal contacts
61.46.Km Structure of nanowires and nanorods (long, free or loosely attached, quantum wires and quantum rods, but not gate-isolated embedded quantum wires)
81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
68.65.La Quantum wires (patterned in quantum wells)

Stable, self-ballasting field emission from zinc oxide nanowires grown on an array of vertically aligned carbon nanofibers

C. Li, Y. Zhang, M. Mann, P. Hiralal, H. E. Unalan, W. Lei, B. P. Wang, D. P. Chu, D. Pribat, G. A. J. Amaratunga, and W. I. Milne

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 143114 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3380597 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 7 April 2010

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A structure composed of zinc oxide nanowires (ZNWs) grown hydrothermally on an array of vertically aligned carbon nanofibers (CNFs) was fabricated and its field emission properties determined and compared with bare CNF arrays. The combination produced a macroscopic turn-on field of 1.2 V/μm which was found to be the lowest reported from ZNWs deposited on a two-dimensional substrate and much less than the equivalent CNFs array (5.2 V/μm). Crucially, field emission was found to be much more stable at higher pressures of 5×10−6 mbar without exhibiting current degradation for a fixed external field, while emitting with a current density of 1 mA/cm2, the current density typically required for backlighting and field emission displays. We propose a self-ballasting mechanism, in which the low carrier density in the zinc oxide prevents current runaway in the presence of adsorbed species.
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79.70.+q Field emission, ionization, evaporation, and desorption
73.61.Ga II-VI semiconductors

Distinct C60 growth modes on anthracene carboxylic acid templates

Bo Xu, Erkuang Zhu, Chao Lu, Yadi Liu, Zhongyuan Liu, Dongli Yu, Julong He, and Yongjun Tian

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 143115 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3374448 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 7 April 2010

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Two anthracene carboxylic acid (AnCA) self assembly structures on Ag(111) were employed to investigate the template effects on sequentially deposited C60 molecules using scanning tunneling microscope. The initial AnCA structures execute strong modulations on C60 growth. Either laterally separated AnCA–C60 elongated domain arrays or an “epitaxial” C60 dimer structure over AnCA can be formed depending on the selected AnCA template. These distinct C60 growth modes are closely related to the structural stability of the AnCA templates. Our studies suggest a pathway of molecular nanostructure fabrication through the choice of suitable template.
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81.05.ub Fullerenes and related materials
61.48.-c Structure of fullerenes and related hollow and planar molecular structures
68.35.bp Fullerenes

External control of the scattering properties of a single optical nanoantenna

C. Huang, A. Bouhelier, J. Berthelot, G. Colas des-Francs, E. Finot, J.-C. Weeber, A. Dereux, S. Kostcheev, A.-L. Baudrion, J. Plain, R. Bachelot, P. Royer, and G. P. Wiederrecht

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 143116 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3385155 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 7 April 2010

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We present a mechanism to control the scattering properties of individual optical nanoantennas by applying an external electric field. We find that by electrically tuning an anisotropic load medium the scattered intensity becomes voltage-dependent. We also demonstrate that the scattering diagram of the antenna can be externally adjusted. This on-demand command opens up the possibility to tune an antenna without changing its geometrical parameters.
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84.40.Ba Antennas: theory, components and accessories
85.35.-p Nanoelectronic devices

Surface Bloch waves mediated heat transfer between two photonic crystals

Philippe Ben-Abdallah, Karl Joulain, and Andrey Pryamikov

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 143117 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3385156 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 7 April 2010

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We theoretically investigate the nonradiative heat transfer between two photonic crystals separated by a small gap in nonequilibrium thermal situation. We predict that the surface Bloch states coupling supported by these media can make heat exchanges larger than those measured at the same separation distance between two massive homogeneous materials made with the elementary components of photonic crystals. These results could find broad applications in near-field technologies.
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42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
78.67.Pt Multilayers; superlattices; photonic structures; metamaterials
44.00.00 Heat transfer

Quantum conductance modulation in graphene by strain engineering

M. Zubaer Hossain

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 143118 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3387789 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 8 April 2010

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Ab initio study reveals that strain can influence graphene’s ballistic conductance substantially; however, the effect of biaxial strain is significantly different from that of hydrostatic strain. For hydrostatic strain, tension increases conductance while compression decreases conductance. In contrast, when biaxial compressive strain is applied along the transport direction and the conduction electrons have energies higher than the Fermi energy of the system, conductance remains approximately unchanged. Nevertheless, for biaxial compressive strain with electron energies lower than the Fermi energy and for biaxial tensile strain conductance follows the hydrostatic behavior.
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73.63.-b Electronic transport in nanoscale materials and structures
73.22.Pr Electronic structure of graphene
72.20.Ht High-field and nonlinear effects
73.21.-b Electron states and collective excitations in multilayers, quantum wells, mesoscopic, and nanoscale systems
77.65.-j Piezoelectricity and electromechanical effects
73.23.Ad Ballistic transport

Electronic properties of strained Si/Ge core-shell nanowires

Xihong Peng and Paul Logan

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 143119 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3389495 (3 pages) | Cited 23 times

Online Publication Date: 8 April 2010

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We investigated the electronic properties of strained Si/Ge core-shell nanowires along the [110] direction using first principles calculations based on density-functional theory. The diameter of the studied core-shell wire is up to 5 nm. We found the band gap of the core-shell wire is smaller than that of both pure Si and Ge wires with the same diameter. This reduced band gap is ascribed to the intrinsic strain between Ge and Si layers, which partially counters the quantum confinement effect. The external strain is further applied to the nanowires for tuning the band structure and band gap. By applying sufficient tensile strain, we found the band gap of Si-core/Ge-shell nanowire with diameter larger than ∼ 3 nm experiences a transition from direct to indirect gap.
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73.21.Hb Quantum wires
71.30.+h Metal-insulator transitions and other electronic transitions
71.20.Mq Elemental semiconductors
71.15.Mb Density functional theory, local density approximation, gradient and other corrections

Beryllium-dihydrogen complexes on nanostructures

Hoonkyung Lee, Bing Huang, Wenhui Duan, and Jisoon Ihm

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 143120 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3387754 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 9 April 2010

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Using the first-principles density-functional method, we investigate the adsorption characteristics of H2 molecules onto alkaline or alkaline earth metal-incorporated nanostructures. Only the cases with beryllium (Be) result in the dihydrogen complex through the orbital coupling between the Be’s s or p orbitals and the H2’s σ orbitals. This is a salient example of a d orbital-free Kubas-type dihydorgen complex and can be utilized for room-temperature hydrogen storage because of a desirable binding energy of H2 molecules ( ∼ 0.4 eV/H2).
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68.43.Mn Adsorption kinetics
88.30.rf Organics
82.45.Yz Nanostructured materials in electrochemistry
71.15.Mb Density functional theory, local density approximation, gradient and other corrections

Hydrophobic fluoroalkylsilane nanolayers for inhibiting copper diffusion into silica

Saurabh Garg, Binay Singh, Ranganath Teki, Michael W. Lane, and Ganpati Ramanath

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 143121 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3374453 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 9 April 2010

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Molecular nanolayers (MNLs) are attractive for suppressing chemical transport and mixing at copper-silica interfaces. Here, we demonstrate that hydrophobic fluoroalkyl moieties enhance the effectiveness of organosilane MNLs to inhibit copper diffusion. Bias thermal annealing of copper-MNL-silica capacitors with MNLs having different fluoroalkyl contents, combined with electron spectroscopy and contact angle measurements, show that the enhanced barrier properties are due to diminished water uptake and curtailed copper ionization. Our results suggest that controlling interface moisture content using hydrophobic moieties can complement copper ion immobilization by hydrophilic groups in MNL barriers.
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68.35.Fx Diffusion; interface formation
82.80.Pv Electron spectroscopy (X-ray photoelectron (XPS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), etc.)
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments
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