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10 May 2010

Volume 96, Issue 19, Articles (19xxxx)

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 193101 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3425776 (3 pages)

J. J. Zhang, N. Hrauda, H. Groiss, A. Rastelli, J. Stangl, F. Schäffler, O. G. Schmidt, and G. Bauer
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Drawn metamaterials with plasmonic response at terahertz frequencies

A. Tuniz, B. T. Kuhlmey, R. Lwin, A. Wang, J. Anthony, R. Leonhardt, and S. C. Fleming

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 191101 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3428576 (3 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 10 May 2010

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Electromagnetic metamaterials attract much attention since they can be engineered to exhibit optical properties not found in nature. Their fabrication, however, is challenging, especially in volume. We introduce drawing as a means of fabricating metamaterials, thus demonstrating a terahertz metamaterial. We codraw polymethyl-methacrylate and indium, producing several meters of metamaterial with wire diameters down to ∼ 10 μm, and lattice constants of ∼ 100 μm. We experimentally characterize the transmission properties of different samples, observing high-pass filtering between 0.3–0.4 THz, in good agreement with simulations.
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81.05.Xj Metamaterials for chiral, bianisotropic and other complex media
78.70.Gq Microwave and radio-frequency interactions
73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)
81.20.-n Methods of materials synthesis and materials processing

Dual wavelength GaSb based type I quantum well mid-infrared light emitting diodes

Seungyong Jung, Sergey Suchalkin, Gela Kipshidze, David Westerfeld, Eric Golden, Donald Snyder, and Gregory Belenky

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 191102 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3425899 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 10 May 2010

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We have designed and developed dual wavelength type I quantum well light emitting diodes (LEDs) operating at 2 μm and 3–3.4 μm wavelengths with independently controlled intensities. The room temperature quasicontinuous wave output power was 2.8 mW at 2 μm and 0.14 mW at 3 μm. The design of the dual wavelength structure allows for monolithically integrating LED pixels with different wavelengths opening the way for the fabrication of multiwavelength LED arrays for multispectral and hyperspectral imaging applications.
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85.60.Jb Light-emitting devices
85.60.Gz Photodetectors (including infrared and CCD detectors)

Linear polarization rotators based on dye-doped liquid crystal cells

Chia-Yi Huang, Hong-Yi Tsai, Yi-Hong Wang, Chong-Ming Huang, Kuang-Yao Lo, and Chia-Rong Lee

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 191103 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3428773 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 10 May 2010

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Linear polarization rotator is fabricated by a single-side homogenously aligned dye-doped liquid crystal cell and linear variable neutral density filter (LVNDF). When a pump beam passing through the transmittance-linear region of LVNDF irradiates on the untreated surface, the surface LC director in the irradiation region is photoaligned into a continuous twist from 0° to 90°. Consequently, the bulk director gradually transits from a homogeneous to twist orientation. This device is capable of rotating the polarization of an input linearly polarized light depending on the beam position, exhibiting a large continuous twist region (5.6 mm) and high contrast ratio ( ∼ 1000:1).
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42.70.Df Liquid crystals
42.25.Ja Polarization
42.79.Ci Filters, zone plates, and polarizers

Ultrafast laser inscription of bistable and reversible waveguides in strontium barium niobate crystals

D. Jaque, N. D. Psaila, R. R. Thomson, F. Chen, L. M. Maestro, A. Ródenas, D. T. Reid, and A. K. Kar

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 191104 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3429584 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 11 May 2010

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We report the fabrication of buried optical channel waveguides in strontium barium niobate nonlinear ferroelectric crystals by direct ultrafast laser inscription. These waveguides are strongly polarized and can be reversibly switched on and off by changing the temperature of the crystal, a characteristic we attribute to the bistable enhancement of the electro-optic coefficients at the ferro to paraelectric phase transition.
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42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers
42.65.Pc Optical bistability, multistability, and switching, including local field effects
42.65.Wi Nonlinear waveguides
42.70.Mp Nonlinear optical crystals
42.86.+b Optical workshop techniques
42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression

On ternary nitride substrates for visible semiconductor light-emitters

T. K. Sharma and E. Towe

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 191105 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3425885 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 11 May 2010

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No nitride or other substrate material exists for growing lattice-matched nitride device structures. Use of bulk GaN or sapphire substrates is complicated by lattice and thermal mismatches that lead to defect and dislocation generation. To alleviate this problem, we recently proposed ternary nitride substrates on which lattice-matched structures could be grown for lasers within specified spectral bands. These proposed application-oriented nitride substrates have one drawback: several would be required to cover the visible spectrum. By taking advantage of the complex (but feature-rich) valence band structure of nitrides, we have determined that a single substrate (In0.15Ga0.85N) could be used for the development of efficient blue, green, and red laser diodes.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems

Two-photon absorption photocurrent in p-i-n diode embedded silicon microdisk resonators

Hui Chen and Andrew W. Poon

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 191106 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3430548 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 13 May 2010

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We demonstrate two-photon absorption (TPA) photocurrent in p-i-n diode embedded silicon microdisk resonators. Our experiments reveal TPA photocurrent spectra with peaks corresponding to the microdisk resonance modes. The photocurrents at resonance wavelengths exceed those at off-resonance wavelengths by up to three orders of magnitude. We study the microdisk photocurrent spectra with various p-i-n diode intrinsic region widths in the microdisk rim. We report TPA photovoltaic effect with maximum power generation efficiency of ∼ 0.3%.
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85.60.Dw Photodiodes; phototransistors; photoresistors

Evolution of locally excited avalanches in semiconductors

Z. L. Yuan, J. F. Dynes, A. W. Sharpe, and A. J. Shields

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 191107 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3425737 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 13 May 2010

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We show that semiconductor avalanche photodiodes can exhibit diminutive amplification noise during the early evolution of avalanches. The noise is so low that the number of locally excited charges that seed each avalanche can be resolved. These findings constitute an important step towards realization of a solid-state noiseless amplifier for quantum information processing. Moreover, we believe that the experimental setup used, i.e., time-resolving locally excited avalanches, will become a useful tool for optimizing the number resolution.
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85.60.Dw Photodiodes; phototransistors; photoresistors
84.30.Le Amplifiers

Three-dimensional surface current loops in terahertz responsive microarrays

Jatinder S. Randhawa, Saumya S. Gurbani, Michael D. Keung, Devin P. Demers, Megan R. Leahy-Hoppa, and David H. Gracias

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 191108 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3428657 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 13 May 2010

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We investigated the effect of the third dimension in terahertz (THz) responsive microarrays using finite element simulations and by measuring their transmission spectra in the range of 0.2 to 1.1 THz. We observed that the presence of three-dimensional (3D) surface current loops in microarrays composed of cubic units resulted in enhanced transmission as compared to two-dimensional single and stacked layers, suggesting that the incorporation of geometries that enable truly 3D current loops is an important factor in optically responsive metamaterials.
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78.70.Gq Microwave and radio-frequency interactions

High-power surface emission from terahertz distributed feedback lasers with a dual-slit unit cell

Lukas Mahler, Alessandro Tredicucci, Fabio Beltram, Christoph Walther, Jérôme Faist, Harvey E. Beere, and David A. Ritchie

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 191109 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3430522 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 14 May 2010

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We present a surface emitting distributed feedback terahertz laser resonator based on a dual-slit configuration. With the spacing of the slits as a parameter, the surface losses of the lasers can be chosen over a large range, while keeping slits narrow for optimum current injection. Quantum cascade devices based on a double metal waveguide showed slope efficiencies up to 40 mW/A and peak powers of more than 20 mW. The efficient radiation out-coupling does not depend on boundary conditions, and therefore would allow the application to large-area devices, making this an ideal resonator for high-power surface emission.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems

Adiabatic compression of terahertz waves using metal flares

Michael Theuer, René Beigang, and Daniel R. Grischkowsky

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 191110 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3430740 (3 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 14 May 2010

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We report on the adiabatic free-space coupling of broadband terahertz (THz) radiation through a subwavelength gap using metal flares. Amplitude coupling ratios better than 30% are obtained by optimizing the curvature. This scheme shows a large potential for increasing the sensitivity in THz spectroscopy using high spatial confinement without the need of transmission optics or high precision components. The intrinsic curvature of metal sheets is already sufficient to carry out experiments downsizing the microwave approach.
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07.57.Pt Submillimeter wave, microwave and radiowave spectrometers; magnetic resonance spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques
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