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21 Jun 2010

Volume 96, Issue 25, Articles (25xxxx)

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 251901 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3455157 (3 pages)

Yongsam Kim, Ankit S. Disa, Timur E. Babakol, and Joel D. Brock
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Optical characteristics of GaInP/GaP double-heterostructure core-shell nanowires embedded in polydimethylsiloxane membranes

J. Tatebayashi, G. Mariani, A. Lin, R. F. Hicks, and D. L. Huffaker

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 253101 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3455340 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 21 June 2010

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The authors report on the optical properties of GaInP/GaP double-heterostructure (DH) core-shell nanowires (NWs) embedded in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes. Self-catalyzed NW structures are grown on Si (111) substrates by initiating with the formation of Ga droplets as a catalyst which is followed by the growth of GaP core and GaInP DH shells. Optical characteristics of GaInP/GaP DH core-shell NWs transferred from Si substrates into PDMS membranes show enhanced 77 K light emission at 630 nm. The signal at 775 nm from the surface states of NWs can be mitigated by embedding the NWs in a PDMS membrane that acts as a surface state passivant.
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78.67.Uh Nanowires
78.55.Cr III-V semiconductors
82.65.+r Surface and interface chemistry; heterogeneous catalysis at surfaces

Phaselike resonance behavior in optical transmission of sandwich coaxial square ring arrays

Shan Wu, Lin Zhou, Yu-min Wang, Cheng-ping Huang, Qian-jin Wang, Guo-dong Wang, and Yong-yuan Zhu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 253102 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3442498 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 21 June 2010

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We studied the optical transmission through sandwich coaxial square ring arrays experimentally and theoretically. The hybridized mode of the localized surface-plasmons and surface-plasmon polaritons has been observed. This hybridized mode resembles the phase resonance mode in a compound grating structure and can be named as phaselike resonance mode. For the 0-phase resonance mode, energy can tunnel through the sample due to coherent constructive interference, forming a peak in the transmission spectrum. For the π-phase resonance mode, a dip appears instead. When the incident angle is increased, the π-phase resonance mode is split into two branches, one is redshifted while the other blueshifted.
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78.66.Bz Metals and metallic alloys
42.79.Dj Gratings
71.36.+c Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions)
73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)

Integration of complementary circuits and two-dimensional electron gas in a Si/SiGe heterostructure

T. M. Lu, C.-H. Lee, D. C. Tsui, and C. W. Liu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 253103 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3456375 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 21 June 2010

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We have realized complementary devices on an undoped Si/SiGe substrate where both two-dimensional electrons and holes can be induced capacitively. The design of the heterostructure and the fabrication process are reported. Magnetotransport measurements show that the induced two-dimensional electron gas exhibits the quantum Hall effect characteristics. A p-channel field-effect transistor is characterized and the operation of an inverter is demonstrated. The proof-of-principle experiment shows the feasibility of integrating complementary logic circuits with quantum devices.
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85.30.Tv Field effect devices
73.43.-f Quantum Hall effects
72.20.My Galvanomagnetic and other magnetotransport effects

In situ observations of crystalline-to-liquid and crystalline-to-gas transitions of substrate-supported Ag nanoparticles

C. L. Chen, J.-G. Lee, K. Arakawa, and H. Mori

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 253104 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3456382 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 21 June 2010

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The phase transitions of silver nanoparticles on graphite and alumina substrates have been investigated using in situ high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. It was revealed that no crystalline-to-liquid transition, only a crystalline-to-gas transition, took place in graphite-supported silver nanoparticles prior to the complete disappearance of the nanoparticles; crystalline-to-liquid transition did take place in alumina-supported silver nanoparticles. The substrate-induced difference in the phase transition behavior is discussed on the basis of a thermodynamic model.
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64.70.D- Solid-liquid transitions
64.70.Hz Solid-vapor transitions
81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials

Ultrathin, transparent, and flexible graphene films for supercapacitor application

Aiping Yu, Isaac Roes, Aaron Davies, and Zhongwei Chen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 253105 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3455879 (3 pages) | Cited 47 times

Online Publication Date: 22 June 2010

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This study reports the preparation of ultrathin, transparent graphene films for use in supercapacitor applications. The surface morphology of the films was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, revealing a very homogeneous surface with intimate contact between graphene sheets. Electrochemical characterization demonstrated nearly ideal electrical double layer capacitive behavior. The capacitance obtained from charge-discharge analysis is 135 F/g for a film of approximately 25 nm which has a transmittance of 70% at 550 nm and a high power density of 7200 W/kg in 2 M KCl electrolyte.
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68.55.ap Fullerenes
68.35.bp Fullerenes
82.45.Mp Thin layers, films, monolayers, membranes
73.61.Wp Fullerenes and related materials
81.05.ue Graphene

Electric field: A catalyst for hydrogenation of graphene

Z. M. Ao and F. M. Peeters

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 253106 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3456384 (3 pages) | Cited 18 times

Online Publication Date: 22 June 2010

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Due to the importance of hydrogenation of graphene for several applications, we present an alternative approach to hydrogenate graphene based on density functional theory calculations. We find that a negative perpendicular electric field F can act as a catalyst to reduce the energy barrier for molecular H2 dissociative adsorption on graphene. Increasing −F above 0.02 a.u. (1 a.u. = 5.14×1011 V/m), this hydrogenation process occurs smoothly without any potential barrier.
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68.43.Mn Adsorption kinetics
81.65.-b Surface treatments

Core-shell gold J-aggregate nanoparticles for highly efficient strong coupling applications

Diane Djoumessi Lekeufack, Arnaud Brioude, Anthony W. Coleman, Philippe Miele, Joel Bellessa, Li De Zeng, and Pierre Stadelmann

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 253107 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3456523 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 22 June 2010

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We have developed a straightforward synthetic route to prepare core-shell systems based on gold nanoparticles (NPs) surrounded with J-aggregates molecules. This synthesis allows the direct and efficient coating, at room temperature, of pretreated citrate-stabilized gold NPs with 5, 5′, 6, 6′-tetrachloro-1-1′-diethyl-3, 3′-di (4-sulfobutyl)-benzimidazolocarbocyanine (TDBC), without supplementary adding of salts and bases during the synthesis. As the size of gold particle is tunable, the precise optimization of the strong coupling between the electronic transitions of organic components (TDBC) and the plasmon modes of the gold NPs is achieved corresponding to a Rabi energy of 220 meV, a value not yet obtained in such a system.
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71.45.Gm Exchange, correlation, dielectric and magnetic response functions, plasmons
81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
81.07.Wx Nanopowders

Limiting and overlimiting conductance in field-effect gated nanopores

Yang Liu, David E. Huber, and Robert W. Dutton

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 253108 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3457350 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 23 June 2010

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Numerical modeling of the coupled ionic and fluidic transport in field-effect gated nanopores reveals highly nonlinear current-voltage characteristics, including cross-over, rectification, and particularly limiting and overlimiting conductance. The limiting and overlimiting characteristics are shown to be greatly enhanced by the inherently coupled fluid flow and correlate with electrokinetic phenomena such as concentration polarization and vortex formation. The underlying reason for the observed nonlinear characteristics is explained by considering the symmetry properties of the electrical biasing.
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47.85.Np Fluidics
47.32.-y Vortex dynamics; rotating fluids
07.10.Cm Micromechanical devices and systems

Low power operation of ferroelectric liquid crystal system dispersed with zinc oxide nanoparticles

T. Joshi, A. Kumar, J. Prakash, and A. M. Biradar

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 253109 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3455325 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 23 June 2010

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We present the results based on electro-optical properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) doped ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC). It is observed that ZnO-NPs-FLC system has low operating voltage and improved optical contrast. The lowering in operating voltage and improvement in optical contrast has been attributed to larger dipole moment of ZnO-NPs that enhances the anchoring of FLC molecules around ZnO-NPs. The effect of ZnO-NPs on the material parameters of FLC has also been observed. These studies will certainly provide a tool to understand the interaction of ZnO-NPs with FLC molecules that can be utilized to fabricate low threshold electro-optic devices.
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78.20.Jq Electro-optical effects
77.84.Nh Liquids, emulsions, and suspensions; liquid crystals
61.30.-v Liquid crystals

Identification of metal-cage coupling in a single metallofullerene by inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy

J. Jiang, B. Gao, Z. P. Hu, Wei Lu, Z. Y. Wu, J. L. Yang, and Y. Luo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 253110 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3455905 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 23 June 2010

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We report hybrid density functional theory calculations for inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS) of a single metallofullerene Gd@C82. It is found that the metal atom inside the carbon cage can have significant impact on the IETS spectral profiles of the system, by modulating both the vibration and electron density. It is demonstrated that the IETS signals are very sensitive to the changes in the metal position and charge states, so that provide a unique tool for identifying the metal-cage coupling in metallofullerenes.
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73.61.Wp Fullerenes and related materials
71.15.Mb Density functional theory, local density approximation, gradient and other corrections
63.22.-m Phonons or vibrational states in low-dimensional structures and nanoscale materials
63.20.kd Phonon-electron interactions

Self-assembled crystalline silicon carbide Y junctions by coalescence of nucleated iron catalysts

Zhenyu Liu, V. Srot, and Judith C. Yang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 253111 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3456387 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 23 June 2010

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Self-assembled crystalline SiC Y junctions with either parallel or inclined branches have been created via the iron catalyzed vapor-liquid-solid mechanism. These formations are attributed to coalescence of two catalyst droplets that have already each formed a SiC nanowire branch, where the merged catalyst remains catalytically active and catalyzes the stem growth of the Y junction. The SiC Y junction formed by two parallel branches follows the original growth direction and creates a single crystal stem. While the SiC Y junction formed by two inclined branches, the merged catalyst creates a bicrystal stem with a planar grain boundary along the center.
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81.16.Dn Self-assembly
82.65.+r Surface and interface chemistry; heterogeneous catalysis at surfaces
81.07.Gf Nanowires
61.72.Mm Grain and twin boundaries

Electrical breakdown of ZnO nanowires in metal-semiconductor-metal structure

Qi Zhang, Junjie Qi, Ya Yang, Yunhua Huang, Xin Li, and Yue Zhang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 253112 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3457169 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 24 June 2010

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We investigated the stability of ZnO nanowires in a metal-semiconductor-metal structure by applying a longitudinal electric field inside a scanning electron microscope equipped with manipulators. The electrical transport was well simulated by the thermionic-field-emission model and the failure of single crystalline ZnO nanowires was directly observed when the applied electric field reached the break point, an electric field intensity of ∼ 106 V/m. The recrystallization of ZnO nanowires from single crystalline to polycrystalline pearl-like structure in the failure process was also investigated. Experimental results indicated that the failure is attributed to a joint effect of high electric field and Joule heating.
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73.40.Sx Metal-semiconductor-metal structures
77.22.Jp Dielectric breakdown and space-charge effects
61.46.Km Structure of nanowires and nanorods (long, free or loosely attached, quantum wires and quantum rods, but not gate-isolated embedded quantum wires)

Direct observation of amophization in load rate dependent nanoindentation studies of crystalline Si

C. R. Das, S. Dhara, Yeau-Ren Jeng, Ping-Chi Tsai, H. C. Hsu, Baldev Raj, A. K. Bhaduri, S. K. Albert, A. K. Tyagi, L. C. Chen, and K. H. Chen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 253113 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3456380 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 24 June 2010

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Indentation at very low load rate showed region of constant volume with releasing load in crystalline (c-)Si, indicating a direct observation of liquidlike amorphous phase which is incompressible under pressure. Signature of amorphization is also confirmed from load dependent indentation study where increased amount of amorphized phase is made responsible for the increasing elastic recovery of the sample with increasing load. Ex situ Raman study confirmed the presence of amorphous phase at the center of indentation. The molecular dynamic simulation has been employed to demonstrate that the effect of indentation velocities has a direct influence on c-Si during nanoindentation processes.
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81.40.Np Fatigue, corrosion fatigue, embrittlement, cracking, fracture, and failure
62.20.me Fatigue
78.30.Am Elemental semiconductors and insulators
71.20.Mq Elemental semiconductors

Observation of ferromagnetism in PdCo alloy nanoparticles encapsulated in carbon nanotubes

Daniel Bretas Roa, Ingrid David Barcelos, Abner de Siervo, Kleber Roberto Pirota, Rodrigo Gribel Lacerda, and Rogério Magalhães-Paniago

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 253114 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3454781 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 24 June 2010

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Carbon nanotubes terminated by PdCo catalyst nanoparticles were grown by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that these nanoparticles have a droplike shape and are completely encapsulated inside multiwalled nanotubes. Magnetization measurements showed the existence of a permanent magnetization with a small shape anisotropy effect. The magnetization of both cobalt and palladium was confirmed by x-ray magnetic circular dichroism. These results show that nanotubes ended by magnetic PdCo nanoparticles can be grown and could be used in magnetic storage media and electrical spin injection.
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75.75.-c Magnetic properties of nanostructures
75.75.Cd Fabrication of magnetic nanostructures
75.30.Gw Magnetic anisotropy
75.50.Cc Other ferromagnetic metals and alloys
78.67.Bf Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, and nanoclusters
81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing

Diameter dependence of the minority carrier diffusion length in individual ZnO nanowires

A. Soudi, P. Dhakal, and Y. Gu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 253115 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3456390 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 24 June 2010

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The minority carrier diffusion length, LD, was directly measured in individual ZnO nanowires by a near-field scanning photocurrent microscopy technique. The diameter dependence of LD suggests a diameter-dependent surface electronic structure, particularly an increase in the density of mid-band-gap surface states with the decreasing diameter. This diameter dependence of the surface electronic structure might be a universal phenomenon in wurtzite-type nanostructures, and is critical in interpreting and understanding the effects of surfaces on various material properties.
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72.20.Jv Charge carriers: generation, recombination, lifetime, and trapping
78.66.Hf II-VI semiconductors
61.46.Km Structure of nanowires and nanorods (long, free or loosely attached, quantum wires and quantum rods, but not gate-isolated embedded quantum wires)
78.67.Lt Quantum wires
73.63.Nm Quantum wires
71.20.Nr Semiconductor compounds
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